Human Development Ii, Test 1

Front 1

change

Back 1

a difference in something or someone from one time to another

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development

Back 2

a systematic process of adaptive change in behavior in one or more directions

Front 3

systematic development

Back 3

coherent and organized

Front 4

adaptive development

Back 4

aimed at dealing with the ever-changing internal and external conditions of existence

Front 5

learning

Back 5

long-lasting changes in behavior as a result of experience

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maturation

Back 6

unfolding of a biologically determined sequence of behavior patterns, including readiness to master new abilities

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lifespan development

Back 7

concept of development as a lifelong process of adaptation

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lifespan developmental psychology

Back 8

scientific study of lifespan development, primary task of _________ ___________ _________

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plasticity

Back 9

modifiability of performance, such as memory, strength, and endurance

Front 10

physical development

Back 10

aspect of development, systems and structures of the body including sensory capacities, organ, and nervous systems, health & fitness, and motor skills

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intellectual, or cognitive, development

Back 11

aspect of development, changes in mental functioning- such as memory, intelligence, practical problem solving, moral reasoning, and wisdom

Front 12

personality development

Back 12

aspect of development, involves the unique way each person deals with the world and expresses thoughts and emotions

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social development

Back 13

aspect of development, refers to changes in an individual's social world- the world of relationships, living arrangements, work, and leisure

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young adults

Back 14

period of adulthood, at height of physical powers and many aspects of their intellectual powers, 20-40 years old

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middle-aged adults

Back 15

period of adulthood, might see some decline in health and physical experience, some are at height of career, some have reached dead-ends. 40-65 years

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older adults

Back 16

period of adulthood, physically active, relatively healthy, independent, and mentally alert- although they may be having changes in health, develop chronic conditions, 65 years or more

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ageless self

Back 17

the self remains the same despite the chronological aging and physical change

Front 18

chronological age

Back 18

a count of how many times an inhabitant of this planet has orbited the sun

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functional age

Back 19

measure of how well a person can function in a physical and social environment as compared with other people of the same chronological age

Front 20

gerontologist

Back 20

scientists who study aged people and the aging process, some times divide today's older people into two categories

Front 21

biological age

Back 21

a measure of how far a person has progressed along a potential life span; predicted by person's physical condition

Front 22

psychological age

Back 22

how well, in comparison with same-aged peers, a person can cope with environmental challenges

Front 23

social age

Back 23

depends on how closely behavior conforms to the norms, expectancies, and roles a person of a certain chronological age is expected to play in society

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herdity

Back 24

the inborn genetic endowment that human beings receive from their biological parents

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environment

Back 25

the world outside the person

Front 26

normative age-graded influences

Back 26

very similar for people in a particular age group, include biological events (such as menopause and diminution of sexual potency) and cultural events (such as retirement)

Front 27

normative history-grade influences

Back 27

biological and environmental influences on development that are highly similar for people in a given age group

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cohort

Back 28

a group of people who share a similar experience

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nonnormative life events

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unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives

Front 30

bioecological approach

Back 30

Bronfenbrenner's system of understanding development, which identifies five levels of environmental influences, from most intimate to broadcast

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microsystem

Back 31

everyday environment of home, school, work, or neighborhood, including face-to-face relationships with spouse, children, friends, classmates, etc.

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mesosystem

Back 32

interlocking of various microsystems- linkages between home and school, work and neighborhood

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exosystem

Back 33

consists of linkages between a microsystem and outside systems or institutions that affect a person indirectly

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macrosystem

Back 34

consists of overarching cultural patterns, such as dominant beliefs, ideologies, and economic and political systems

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chronosystem

Back 35

adds the dimension of time: change or constancy in the person and environment

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productive aging

Back 36

views older persons as potentially unlimited human resources contributing to the goods, services, and products available for themselves and society

Front 37

theory

Back 37

a coherent set of related concepts which seek to organize and explain data

Front 38

data

Back 38

information gathered from reserach

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quantitative development

Back 39

changes in number or amount

Front 40

qualitative development

Back 40

changes in the ids of things older and younger adults can do

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metatheory

Back 41

broad hypothesis, or tentative explanation, about how the world works

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model

Back 42

a concrete image or structural representation of theoretical relationships

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mechanistic perspective

Back 43

views all things in nature, including adult human beings, as if they were machines

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information-processing theory

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representing the mechanistic view, explains how the human mind works

Front 45

interventions

Back 45

techniques to boost older adults' functioning

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organismic perspective

Back 46

sees people as developing organisms

Front 47

stage

Back 47

pattern of behavior typical of a certain period of development, which leads to a different, usually more advanced pattern

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contextual perspective

Back 48

ongoing act in its context- a dynamic event in a setting that is always in flux

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valid

Back 49

conclusions appropriately apply to the phenomena and populations being studied

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reliable

Back 50

results are reasonably consistent across time

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quantitative research

Back 51

deals with hard, objectively measurable data

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qualitative research

Back 52

deals with soft data about the nature or quality of participants' subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs

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scientific method

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an overall process that generally characterizes scientific inquiry in any field

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sample

Back 54

a smaller group within the population

Front 55

external validity

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results can be generalized to people other than those in the study

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random selection

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gives every person in a population an equal chance of being chosen

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random sample

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result of random selection

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naturalistic observation

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takes place in a real-life setting

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laboratory observation

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researchers observe a group of people under identical, controlled conditions

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observer bias

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a tendency to misinterpret or distort observed data to fit the observer's expectations, perhaps by emphasizing some aspects and minimizing others

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case study

Back 61

study of a single case or individual

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variables

Back 62

phenomena that change or vary among peopl

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correlational study

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designed to find out whether a statistical correlation can be calculated showing the direction and strength of a relationship between variables

Front 64

experiment

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rigorously controlled procedure in which the experimenter systematically manipulates one or more variables to see whether this manipulation causes change in other, uncontrolled variables

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independent variable

Back 65

something over which the experimenter has direct control

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dependent variable

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something that may or may not change as a result of changes in the independent variable

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treatment

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manipulation of the independent variable, the thing experimenters want to study

Front 68

experimental group

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group that will be given the treatment

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control group

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the group that will not be given the treatment

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internal alidity

Back 70

assurance that the outcome was due to the treatment and only to the treatment

Front 71

random assignment

Back 71

all members of a sample have an equal chance of being in the group that receives the treatment

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cross-sectional study

Back 72

the design most commonly used in research on adult development and aging

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longitudinal study

Back 73

shows changes in the same person or persons

Front 74

time-lag study

Back 74

comparing two groups of students, measures different cohorts at different times, when they are the same age