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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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The chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes, which are the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture proteins.
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Chromosomes
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Molecules of DNA that contain the genes organized in precise sequences. Each cell contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
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Genes
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Segments of a chromosome, which is a DNA molecule; they are the basic units for the transmission of hereditary instructions.
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Allele
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One of the normal versions of a gene that has several possible sequences of base pairs. (another name for gene)
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Genome
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The full set of genes that are the instrustions to make an individual member of a certain species.
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Genotype.
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The total of all the genes a person inherits-his of her genetic potential.
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Gametes
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The human redroductive cells.
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Zygote
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The single cell formed during conception by the fusing of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum.
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Homozygous
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Refers to two genes of one pair that are exactly the samein every letter of their code. (AA)
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Heterozygous
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Refers to two genes of one pair that differ in some way. (Aa)
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The 23rd Pair
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The _ _ ___ of chromosomes, in humans, determines the individual's sex.
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XX
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The 23rd chromosome pair that, in humans, determines that the developing fetus will be female.
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XY
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The 23rd chromosome pair that, in humans, dedtermines that the developing fetus will be male
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Stem Cell
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One from which any other specialized type of cell can form.
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Monozygotic (MZ) twins
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Develop from one zygote that splits apart, producing genetically identical zygotes; also called indentical twins.
Memory aid; Mono means "one"; Monozygotic Twins develop from one fertilized ovum. |
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Dizygotic (DZ) Twins
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Develpop from two separate ovam fertilized by different sperm at roughly the same time, and therefore are no more genetically similar than ordinary sibilings; also called fraternal twins.
Memory Aid: A fraternity is a group of two (di) or more nonidentical individuals. |
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Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
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Refers to the various techniques available to help infertile couple conceive and sustain a pregnancy.
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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
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A form of ART in which ova surgically removed from a womanare mixed with sperm. If a zygote is produced, it is inserted in the womans' uterus, where it may implant and develop into a baby.
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Phenotype
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The actual physical or behavioral expression of a genotype, the result of the interaction of the genes with each other and with the enviornment, is called the _____.
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Polygenic
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Most human traits are____ that is, they are affected by many genes.
(poly; lots of) |
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Multifactorial
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Most human tarits are also ____ that is, influenced by many factors, including genetic and environmental factors.
(multi; many, factorial; factors) |
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Epigenetic
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Refers to enviornmental factors that affect how genes are expressed.
(Epi; enviornmantal, genetic; genes) |
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The Human Genome Project
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An international effort to map the complete human genetic code was essentially completed in 2001.
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Dominant-Recessive Pattern
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The interaction of a heterozygous pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reveals the influence of the dominant gene more than that of the recessive gene.
(I can see your eyes and your mothers are the same) |
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Carrier
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A person who has a recessive gene that is not expressed in his or her phenotype but that can be passed on to the person's offspring.
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X-Linked Genes
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Genes that are located only on the X chromosome. Because males have only one of the X chromosome, they are more likely than females to have the characteristics determined by these genes in their phenotype.
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Heritability
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A statistic that refers to the percentage of variation in a particular trait within a particular population, in a particular context and era, that can be traced to genes.
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Down Syndrome
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The most common extra-chromosome condition. People with Down Syndrome age faster than others, often have unusual facial features and heart abnormalities, and are usually slower to develop intellectually. Occurs in the 21st chromosome
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Fragile X Syndyome
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A single-gene disorder in which part of the X chromosome is attached by such a thin string of molecules that is seems about to break off. Although the characteristics associated with this syndrome are quite varied, some mental deficiency is relatively common.
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Genetic Couseling
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Involves consulations and tests through which couples can learn more about their genes, and can thus make informed decisions about their childbearing and child-rearing future.
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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A genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, which is found in many foods.
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Ovulation
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The phase of a female's menstrual cycle in which a partially mature ovum that has yet to complete Meiosis II is released from the ovarian follicles into the oviduct
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Sperm
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Gamete, or male reproductive cell
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Ovum
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Gamete, or female reproductive cell (egg)
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Autosomes
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Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome
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Additive Heredity
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Process of genetic transmission that results in a phenotype that is a mixture of the mom and dad traits
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Genetic Vulnerability
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An underlying inherited susceptibility
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Current consensus of Epigenetics
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1. Genes affect every aspect of behavior, including social interactions, intellectual abilities, even political values and reactions
2. Most enviornmental influences on children raised in the same home are NOT shared |
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How many chromosomes make up the human body
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46 chromosomes, 23 from mom and 23 from dad
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