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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Human development?
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study of both consistency and change throughout the course of lifespan
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How does Berk describe the history of developmental theory?
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-Berk describes interdisciplinary approach combining scientific, applied, and theoretical dimensions
-Understanding driven by political, religious, medical, and social forces |
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What is continuous dev.?
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-Skills and knowledge are applied in different ways and with increased complexity over time
-Development is a manner of ability to perform |
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What is stage dev?
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-Knowledge and skills are emergent and gained over time
-Occur at discrete times during the lifespan |
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What is the lifespan perspective?
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-"Lifelong"-Development persists across life
-"Plasticity or flexibility"- Individual differences/non-normative factors -"Multidirectional & Multidimensional" -Development occurs in multiple directions. Development occurs across domains -"Multiple Interacting forces"-History-graded, Age-graded, non-normative |
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What is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?
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-Development within contexts beyond cohort
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How did Charles Darwin (Late 19th century) explain dev. theory?
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-Concepts from species evolution theory believed to be similar to child development
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How did Hall & Gesell, Early (20th century) explain dev. theory?
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-Maturational process
-Normative approach establishing |
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How did Freud, (Early 20th century) explain dev. theory?
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-Psychosexual theory
-Management of aggressive and sexual drives -Three core parts of personality Id: Source of basic needs and drives Ego: Seat of reason Superego: Conscience developed through interactions -Ego responsible for bringing conflicting basic drives and environmental forces into harmony -Relations between the three were determinate of personality and guided future development ***First to emphasize role of the parent |
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How did Simon & Binet, (Early 20th century) explain dev. theory?
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-Intelligence testing
-Individual differences between norms |
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In Freud's psychosexual stages what happens in the Oral, Birth to 12 months stage?
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-Ego develops and directs activity to breast or bottle to satisfy drives
-Failure to meet needs results in oral compulsions |
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In Freud's psychosexual stages what happens in the Anal, 12 to 36 months stage?
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-Toilet training is the activity of central importance
-Negative consequences if parents are too demanding or too permissive |
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In Freud's psychosexual stages what happens in the Phallic, 3 to 6 years stage?
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-Oedipal and Electra complexes
-Development of the superego and sex roles, norms |
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In Freud's psychosexual stages what happens in the Latency, 6 to 11 years stage?
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-Period of superego development through increased socialization
-Based largely in sex roles and norms -Sexual drives largely dormant |
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In Freud's psychosexual stages what happens in the Genital, Adolescence stage?
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-Onset of puberty brings resurgence of sexual drives
-Successful development leads to Victorian good life |
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What is Erikson's psychosocial theory (Mid- 20th Century)?
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-Developed and modified from Freudian stage theory
-Increased emphasis on ego activity & social interaction -Freud’s Psychosexual stages plus three stages of adult development -Erikson’s stages centered around resolution of psychological conflicts rather than drive mastery -Notably observed importance of cultural factors |
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What are some environment factors that can effect pregnancy?
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Radiation
-High levels associated with CNS and physical abnormalities, miscarriage, slow growth -Hiroshima, Nagosaki -Low levels can result in increased risk for childhood cancer, intellectual, language, and emotional problems -Chernobyl Fukushima Diiachi Infectious Disease -Most do not effect prenatal development -Exceptions include rubella, HIV/AIDS -Antivirals can greatly reduce transmission of HIV/AIDS Pollution -PCBs, mercury exposure, dioxins -Recent waste spill in West Virginia leading to local water contamination |
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What are the maternal factors that can effect development during pregnancy?
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Nutrition
-Healthy weight gain in the range of 25-30 pounds -Implications for all systems development and formation -Reduced risk of spina bifida with increased folic acid, recommended for all mothers -Malnutrition may be associated with additional problems beyond improved diet following birth Age -Rates of prenatal defects and birth complications rises in 40s and 50s -Increased rates of problems with teenage mothers attributed to lack of prenatal care, stress, poverty, poor nutrition -Access to health care -Approximately 16% of US mothers do not seek prenatal care until second trimester -Cost -Stigma Stress -Depression and anxiety result in greater stress hormone exposure can cause inflammation 9-11 study demonstrated possible lowered cortisol production after birth and emotional regulation problems as toddlers -Social support found to be important protective factor |
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What are the steps of childbirth?
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Dilation of cervix
-Longest stage, averages 12-14 hours for first child -Increased frequency and strength of contractions Delivery -Child followed by placenta -Average of 50 minutes for child + 5-10 minutes for placenta Apgar scale -5 domains scored 0-2; 0-10 point scale -HR, respiratory effort, reflexes, muscle tone, color |
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What is the APGAR scale?
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-Performed one minute and five minutes after birth
-Low scores usually result from caesarian delivery, fluid in airway, difficult birth -Scores of 7 to 9 most common -May receive oxygen or have airway cleared -Physical stimulation to increase HR |
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What are some facts about homebirths?
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-Much more popular in other parts of the world
-Only about 1% for US births -With properly trained midwives or nurses, complication rates similar to hospital births -Not recommended for women with complicated pregnancies or at high-risk for complications |
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What are some facts about caesarian deliveries?
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-Recommended for breech positioned babies or other risks to anoxia or to mother’s health
-Source of some controversy as rates have increased to nearly 30% in US -Requires increased recovery time for both mother and child -Requires use of anesthetic which can impact child |
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What are some facts about pre-term births?
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-Pre-term children delivered weeks ahead of expected
-Possible mild physical and cognitive delays -Usually catch up by middle childhood Treatment -Isolette for temperature and respiratory regulation -Special stimulation -Education |
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What are some facts about small for date babies?
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-Small-for-date: below expected weight for age
-Typically have more complications -Higher risks and more serious physical and cognitive delays -Causes include malnutrition, teratogen exposure, genetic defects |
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What are the five states of arousal for newborns?
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-Regular sleep: 8-9 hours
NREM sleep, -Irregular sleep: 8-9 hours REM sleep Declines over time, more for preterm Important for CNS development -Drowsiness -Quiet alertness: 2-3 hours Attentive to environment -Waking or crying:1-4 hours Uncoordinated body movement Feeding |
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What are some of the capacities of a newborn?
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-Reflexes
Grasping Rooting Embracing Situationally specific, basis for motor skills -Crying First mode of communicating Response to hunger, temperature, pain, fright, others crying Parents’ interpretation accuracy increases over time Tends to peak about six weeks and then declines -Soothing crying Shoulder rocking Swaddling Infants with increased direct caregiver contact cry less, shorter Colic |
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How are the senses of newborns?
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-Vision
Least well-developed, very near-sighted Eye and visual cortex still developing Prefer face-like shapes, colors, can track movement -Hearing Improves over first few months Like speech, well-prepared for language Suckling in response to mother’s voice -Touch Especially mouth, palms, and feet Endorphins released in response Pain experience is heightened -Taste and Smell Same responses as adults to different tastes, like facial expressions Prefer sweet to salty in early months Prefer milk to formula smell and taste Dependent on in utero exposure |
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What is the statistic for growth for kids in the first year?
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Average of 50% increase in length, 300% increase in weight over the first year
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What are some facts about children's patterns of growth?
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-Patterns of growth: head to tail, inward-out
-Growth guided by heredity and influenced by: -Nutrition Significant portion of calories devoted to growth Critical period of first two years -Disease Social Environment Lack of sufficient social interaction & support can yield very same symptoms seen in malnourished children Failure to grow Anxiety or irritability Cognitive and emotional delays or difficulties If not addressed early, like malnutrition effects these can be long-term |
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What is Marasmus?
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-Usually occurs during first year
-Caused by maternal malnutrition and inadequate replacement of breast milk -Symptoms: wasting body appearance |
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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Usually occurs between 12-36 months
Caused by protein deficient diet Symptoms: hair loss, skin irritations, irritable behavior, swollen belly and limbs Surviving children have smaller head and body size, trouble with metabolism & food regulation when diet improves, often suffer from brain & organ damage, learning & behavioral issues |
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What are some benefits of breastfeeding?
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-Provides needed balance and essential components without supplementation
Fat : Protein, iron absorption -Breastfeeding tends to lead to healthier physical development Leaner, more rapid growth -Provides immune protection Transmission of antibodies, anti-inflammatory effects -Associated with 21% reduction of infant mortality in US and greatly increases survival in impoverished areas |
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What are some facts about breastfeeding?
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-WHO recommends breastfeeding for first 2 years
-HHS advises breastfeeding exclusively for first 6 months and inclusion for first year 3/4 of US women breastfeed, 2/3 of those stop within a few months time -La Leche League International http://www.llli.org/ Transition to solid foods may be crucial to later risks of obesity and Type II diabetes -Recent evidence to suggest lack of fruits and vegetables Up to 20-30% more calories than recommended |
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What are some facts about brain dev.?
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-The first two years after birth prolific neural and synaptic development occurs
-Early stimulation creates an excess of synaptic connections which are “pruned” depending on the amount of future stimulation, genetic programming, and idiosyncratic life events -Brain increases from 30% of adult weight at birth to nearly 70% by the age of two |
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What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?
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-Four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
-Two hemispheres: left and right -Lateralization: specialization of function by hemisphere -Some evidence more so for males -Evolutionary advantage of performing simultaneous, parallel functions -Left is better at analytic processing used in language or emotional recognition and communication -Right is better at integrative processing, negative emotion regulation, and spatial information processing |
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How does the environment effect brain dev?
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-Sensitive periods from ethology
-Sensory experience necessary for early -development of brain -Isolation and deprivation leads to impaired function or permanent damage in prolonged cases -Deprived Romanian orphanage studies -All found to be delayed across domains at adoption -Physical catch up nearing normal by preschool -Cognitive development at 6 and 11, if adopted by 6 months -If after 6 months, persistent intellectual, emotional, behavioral problems -Chronic stress can prevent brain development needed for stress regulation and reactivity -Understimulation can produce a wide array of cognitive deficits -Overstimulation may have similar effects causing children to withdraw -Cottage industry of baby brain development, e.g. -Baby Einstein videos -Experience-expectant brain growth: growth and organization through ordinary experience through interaction with environment -Experience-dependent brain growth: growth and refinement of brain structures from learning experiences specific to culture, family, individual |
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What are some different ways to measure brain function?
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-Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrical activity of cerebral cortex -Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Magnetic fields used to detect blood flow and oxygen metabolism All levels of brain -Positron Emission Tomography Radioactive material used to detect blood flow and oxygen metabolism All levels of the brain -Near-Infrared Optical Topography Infrared light used to detect blood flow and oxygen metabolism in cerebral cortex |
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How does the vision develop?
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-Reach adult or near-adult function in terms of tracking, color, acuity, and focus by six months old
-First attuned to movement in first month -Depth perception develops 2-3 months through first year (Gibson & Walk, 1960) Becomes more refined with motor development and environmental interaction -Preference for patterns and faces, increasing complexity over time Influenced by physical development Preference for familiar faces—Evolutionary? Environmental influence? Exposure to diversity decreases own race preference -Differentiate between positive and negative facial expressions by 5 months |
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How does hearing develop?
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Preference for systematic pauses at 4 to 7 months
At 6 to 7 months, distinguish between musical tunes by beat and accent By 12 months recognize melodies across keys Highly attuned to speech Demonstrate sensitivity to syllable stress at 5 months Screen out sounds not used in native tongue at 6 to 8 months Statistical learning capacity Noam Chomsky-Language Acquisition Device |
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What's intermodal perception?
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Intermodal perception: integrating multiple sensory inputs into comprehensible whole
-Do so very early and with minimal exposures -3 to 4 months can link age and tone with appropriate face -By 8 months can match voice and gender |
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What is Eleanor and James Gibson’s Theory of Differentiation?
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-We naturally orient toward stable elements of our environment and seek out patterns and relationships
-Perceptual development represents advancement of our tendency for pattern seeking |
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What are the common developments of learning capacities?
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-Classical Conditioning
UCS >> UCR; UCS+CS >> UCR; CS >> CR -Operant Conditioning Reinforcer-stimulus that increases behavior Punishment-stimulus that decreases behavior -Habituation & Recovery Response to novelty, fades over time, response “recovered” by new stimulus Identification of novelty shows ability to distinguish two -Imitation Disputed how early this occurs Mirror neurons |
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What are some facts about motor development?
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-Dynamic Systems Theory:
Individual motor skills are combined to form more complex behaviors Require repetition for refinement--reaching -New skills are combination of: Body movement ability, CNS development, goals, and environmental support -Cultural differences in encouragement of motor skills development |
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How does sleep change throughout dev?
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-Newborns sleep between 16 and 18 hours
-By 6 to 9 months, sleeping nights and two daytime naps -18 months generally reduce to one nap -Sleeping 12 to 13 hours daily at 2 years -Between ages 3 and 5 napping declines |
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What are some facts about co-sleeping?
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-Co-sleeping is very common the world over
Increasingly so in the US -Common concerns are development of dependency or suffocation risk Research demonstrates no differences in adjustment Co-sleeping not recommended for parents who are obese or use substances Should not be done with soft mattresses or heavy bedcovers -May improve breastfeeding & SIDS risk -May reduce bedtime struggles Cultural considerations |
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What are some facts about SIDS?
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-Defined as unexpected death before age of one that cannot be explained
-Occurs most often at night, most frequently between two and four months -Cause is unknown, but one theory suggests impaired brain function prevents respiratory regulation or survival response to breathing difficulties -Nicotine, depressant drugs, respiratory infection, and sleeping on stomach increase risk of SIDS -Back sleeping and pacifier use at night reduce risk |
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What happens in Piaget's Sensorimotor stage? (Birth-2 years)
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-Direct interaction with environment through senses and motor abilities
-Development of schemes for understanding world -Schemes adapt through assimilation, accommodation, and organization |
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What are Piaget's six substages?
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-Substage 1: primary circular reaction, attempts to repeat experiences to mastery
-Substage 2: increased motor control leads to motor habits -Substage 3: secondary circular reaction, repetition of events they enact on environment -Substage 4: intentional, goal-directed behavior -Substage 5: tertiary circular reaction, repeated behaviors with addition of variation -Substage 6: mental representation through concepts or images, imaginative play |
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What does Piaget think about object permanence?
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-Object permanence evident at 4 to 5 months
-At 8 to 12 months, active searching with A-not-B error common -Object permanence is acquired and refined over time -Deferred imitation at 6 to 9 months -By 12 to 18 months, modeled behaviors retained for months -At 18 months inference of others’ goals -Problem-solving by analogy |
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What are some critiques of Piaget?
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-Change is gradual, uneven
-Arguments for innate cognitive abilities -Ranges from biases that guide development of particular schemes -To core knowledge perspective, we have built-in cognitive structures in particular domains -Linguistic -Psychological -Physical -Numerical Lack of agreement about where we start out, but consistent in emphasis about heredity/environment interaction |
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What is the role of social context in dev. theory?
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-Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of development
-Concept of zone of proximal development Tasks that are beyond abilities by oneself, but attainable with help from others Similar to scaffolding idea used in education or learning theory -Social context of learning is important Imaginary play used to enact important social processes |
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What is some info about intelligence testing?
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-Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Developmental (BSITD-III)
One of the most commonly used assessments for 1 month to 3 ½ years -Cognitive, Language, Motor scales Observed -Social-Emotional and Adaptive Behavior scales Parental or teacher report -Intelligence Quotient: mean of 100, SD=15 -68% falling between 85-115, 96% between 70-130 -Mild Intellectual Disability IQ 50-70 (DSM-IV TR) -Rosa’s Law (October 2010) replaces mental retardation with intellectual disability |
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What is the behaviorist perspective of language dev?
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Behaviorist perspective: Skinner
-Imitation and reinforcement -How to account for novel or idiosyncratic language? |
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What is the nativist perspective of language dev?
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-In-born LAD has universal grammar understanding
-Trouble identifying existence universal grammar |
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What is the interactionist perspective of language dev?
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-Integrative perspective emphasizing both nature and nurture components of language acquisition
-Social interactionists focus on development of social meaning and function of language |
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How does language dev in babies under 1?
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-2 months: cooing starts, vowel sounds with gradual introduction of consonant sounds
-6 months: babbling, consonant-vowel combinations that evolve to language-like sounds Even for the deaf -Joint attention is often crucial to developing early communication skills working up to reciprocal communication by 12 months -12 months: preverbal gestures advancing to gesture word pairing -First words appear around 12 months, often name important others, familiar outcomes |
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How does language dev in toddlers?
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-Initially children underextend, using words in narrowly prescribed fashion
-As vocabulary broadens, overextension is more common -Social processes and operant conditioning fine tune understanding -18 to 24 months: picking up new words daily, fairly continuous growth of vocabulary through preschool -After gaining about 200 words, pairing begins Focus on content over grammar or structure |
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How does language dev vary across cultures?
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-Child-directed Speech (CDS): use of child specific language style similar across cultures, even used by deaf parents when signing
-Short sentences, clear enunciation -Exaggerated expression -Clear pauses -Myth that it is counterproductive developmentally Infants prefer this type of communication More emotionally responsive to CDS |
