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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mental operations |
cognitive actions can be performed on objects or ideas |
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Detective reasoning |
drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal operational thought |
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Working memory |
Type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored briefly |
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Long term memory |
permanent store house for memories that has unlimited capacity |
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Organization |
As applied to children's memory, a strategy in which information to be remembered is structured so that related information is placed together |
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Elaboration |
memory strategy in which information is embellished to make it more memorable |
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Metamemory |
Persons informal understanding of memory; includes the ability to diagnose memory problems accurately and to monitor the effectiveness of memory strategies |
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metacognitive knowledge |
a persons knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes |
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Cognitive self regulation |
skill at identifying goals selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately; a characteristic of successful students |
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Physchometricians |
psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological traits, such as intelligence and personality |
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emotional energy |
Ability to use one;s own and others emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily |
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analytic ability |
Sternberg's theory of intelligence, the ability to analyze problems and generate different solutions |
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Creative ability |
Sternberg's theory of intelligence, the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems |
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Mental Age (MA) |
in intelligence testing, a measure of children performance corresponding to the chronological age of those who performance equals the child's |
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Intelligence quotient (IQ) |
mathematical representation of how a person scores of an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the same age score |
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Culture-fair intelligence test |
Intelligence tests devised using items common to many cultures |
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Stereotype threat |
an evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong |
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divergent thinking |
thinking in novel and unusual directions |
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Intellectual disability |
substantially below average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment that emerges before the age of 18 |
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Learning disability |
When a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at least one academic subject |
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Word recognition |
The process of identifying a unique pattern of letters |
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Compression |
Process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words |
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Phonological awareness |
the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters |
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Knowledge-telling strategy |
Writing down information as it is retrieved from a memory, a common practice for young writers |
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Knowledge-transforming strategy |
deciding what information to include and how best to organize it to convey a point |
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Socialization |
Teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of the culture |
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Authoritarian parents |
style of parents in which parents show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children |
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Authoritative parenting |
style of parents in which parents use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children |
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permissive parenting |
Style of parenting in which parents offer warmth and caring but little control over their children |
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uninvolved parenting |
style of parenting in which parents provide neither warmth nor control and minimize the time they spend with their children |
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Direct instruction |
Telling a child what to do, when, and why |
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Counterimitation |
Learning what should be done by observing the behavior |
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Reinforcement |
consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future |
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punishment |
application of an aversive or removal of an attractive stimulus-decreasesliklihood of that being preformed again |
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negative reinforcement trap |
unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage |
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time out |
punishment that involves removing children who are misbehaving from a situation to a quite unstimulating environment |
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joint custody |
custody agreement in which both parents retain legal custody of their children following divorce |
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blended family |
family consisting of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children |
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egoresilience |
persons ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations |
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friendship |
voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking by age 4 to 5 |
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co-rumination |
conversations about ones personal problems, common among adolescent |
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clique |
small group of friends who are similar in age, sex, and race |
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crowd |
large group, including many different cliques that have similar attitudes and values |
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dominance hierarchy |
ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status |
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popular children |
are liked by many classmates |
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rejected children |
are disliked by classmates |
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Controversial children |
are liked and disliked by classmates |
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average children |
are liked and disliked by some classmates, but without the intensity found for popular, rejected, or controversial children |
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Neglected children |
As applied to childrens popularity, children who are ignored- neither liked or disliked by their classmates |
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instrumental aggression |
aggression used to achieve an explicit goal |
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hostile aggression |
unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another children |
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relational aggression |
try to hurt children by undermining the social relationships |
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recursive thinking |
thoughts that focus on what another person is thinking |
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Puberty |
Collection of physical activity changes that marks the onset of adolescents including growth spurts and the growth of breasts and testes |
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Primary sex characteristics |
Physical signs of maturity that are directly liked to the reproductive organs |
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Secondary sex characteristics |
Physical signs of maturity that are not directly linked to reproductive organs |
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Menarche |
onset of menstruation Usually 13 years old |
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Spermarche |
first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm usually at 13 years old |
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Body mass index |
adjusted ratio of weight to height; used to define "overweight" |
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Anorexia nervosa |
Persistent refusal to eat accompanied by an irrational fear of being overweight |
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Bulimia nervosa |
Disease in which people alternate between binge eating and periods when they eat uncontrollably- and purging with laxatives or self induced |
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pre conventional level |
1st level in Kohlberg theory, where moral reasoning is based on external forces (Reward and punishment) |
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Obedience orientation |
characteristic of stage 1 in kohlbergs theory, in which moral reasoning is based on the belief that adults know what is right and wrong |
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Instrumental orientation |
Characteristic of stage 2 in kohlbergs theory, in which moral reasoning is based the aim of looking out for ones own needs |
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Conventional level |
2nd level of kolhbergs theory of reasoning, where moral reasoning is based on societal norms |
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Interpersonal norms |
Characteristic of kolhbergs stage 3, in which moral reasoning is based on winning the approval of others |
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Social system morality |
characteristic of kohlbergs stage 4, in which moral reasoning is based on maintenance of order in society |
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post conventional level |
3rd level of reasoning in kohlbergs theory, in which morality is based on a personal moral code |
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Social contract |
Characteristic of Kohlbergs stage 5 in which moral reasoning is based on the belief that laws are for the good of all members of society |
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Universal ethical principle |
6th stage of Kohlbergs in which moral reasoning is based on moral principals that apply to all |
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adolescent egocentrism |
self absorption that is characteristic of teenagers as they search for identity |
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Imaginary audience |
adolescents feeling that their behavior is constantly being watched by their peers |
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Illusion of invulnerability |
adolescents belief that misfortunes can't happen to them |
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ethnic identity |
feeling that one belongs to a specific ethnic group |
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crystallization |
1st phase in supers theory - in which adolescents use their emerging identities to form ideas about careers |
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Specification |
2nd phase in supers theory - in which adolescents learn more about specific lines or work and begin training |
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implementation |
3rd stage of supers theory- in which individuals enter the work force |
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personality-type theory |
view proposed by Holland that people find their work fulfilling when the important features of a job/profession fit their personality |
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depression |
disorder characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, irritability, and low self esteem |
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juvenile delinquency |
when adolescents commit illegal acts that are destructive to themselves/others |
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Adolescent-limit antisocial behavior |
behavior of youth who engage in relatively minor criminal acts but aren't consistently antisocial |
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life-course persistent antisocial behavior |
antisocial behavior that emerges at an early age and continues throughout life |
