Human Development 3

Front 1

piaget proposed four major stages in which children and adolescents master

Back 1

the use of symbols and abstract reasoning

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Piagets stages of cognitive development

Back 2

sensorimotor (birth-2yrs)
pre-operational (2-7 yrs)
concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
formal operational (11)

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Sensorimotor characterisitics

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Differentiates self from objects
Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally
Achieves object permanence

Front 4

Preoperational characteristics

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learns language and represents objects by images and words(symbolic though)
Egocentric thinking
Classifies objects by a single feat:all red objects together despite different shapes

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Concrete operational

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thinks logically about objects and events
Conservation of numbers (6yrs), mass(7yrs) and weight (9)
Objects classify according to many feats

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Formal operational

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Thinks abstractly
Tests hypothesis
Concerned with hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems

Front 7

During amnesia what stage is retained?

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concrete operational so they still understand the concept of dimension, space of objects etc

Front 8

whats piaget principle of learning?

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adaptation through assimilation and accomodation

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whats assimilation

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the process by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment, which may mean changing the evidence of their senses to make it fit

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assimilation

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difference made to one's mind or concepts by the process of assimilation

Front 11

Behavioral learning focuses on increased probability of a behavior based on

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reinforcement which has taken place in the past, so that the antecedents of the new behavior include consequences of previous behavior

Front 12

Pavlov and watson use what model for behavior?

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Unconditioned response
Unconditioned response involves actions like salivating. after association with bell ring, salivating was also elicited when the bell was rung

Front 13

Skinner used what model for behavior?

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operant conditioning
A rat had to press a bar when a light came on, otherwise it would get shocked. Rat quickly learned when to turn on the light

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Bandura used what model for behavior

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social modeling
Kid would be in a room, stranger would come in and kicked the bobo doll. Kid then would be allowed to interact wit h bobo doll, and kid would hit in the same manner the doll.

Front 15

What did Bandura's bobo doll showed about behavior learning?

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behavior is learned faster when theres' a model to follow-parents, media,peers etc

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Whats learned helplessness?

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its an aversive stimulus with no escape-decreases behavior
Encompasses some theories of depression

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Imprinting involves

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associating and learning with things closest to us during critical period
Attachement, language, other areas

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Obesity and learned helplessness

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when people can't lose weight no matter what they try, they stopped trying.

Front 19

Stages of Kohlberg's model refer to

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reasoning not actions or to people themselves

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Kohlbergs model characteristics

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moral reasoning is necessary, but not sufficient, condition for moral action

Front 21

Piagets stages of cognitive development are a necessary but not a sufficient condition for

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development of moral reasoning

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Kohlberg stages

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1. Obedience and punishment orientation
2.Individual exchange
Level 2
3.Good interpersonal relationships
4. Maintaining the social order
Level 3
5. Social contract and individual rights
6. Universal principles

Front 23

Individual and exchange in the case of the Heinz example may refer to

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Heinz thinking its ok to steal the drug, while the druggist would not

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Maintaining the social order refers to

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decisions from the perspective of society as a whole

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Social contract and individual rights refers to

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what makes for a good society

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Universal principles refers to

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achieving justice..only ghandi and dr king got here

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Gilligan criticized kohlbergs in that

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it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values leading to ignore the arguments of other people who value other moral aspects

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Gilligan argues Kohlbergs theory is androcentric meaning

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he only used male participants and at the time it showed that girls on avg reached a lower level of moral development than boys

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Gilligan produced her own stages but the transitions between these stages were fueled by

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changes in the sense of self rather than in changes in cognitive capability

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Kolhbergs stages are based on cognitive developments by piaget, whereas Gilligan's are based on

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a modified Freudian approach to ego development, combined with elements of Kohlberg and Piaget.

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Gilligan stages

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Preconventional
Conventional
Post-conventional

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Pre-conventional

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Goal is individual survival

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Pre-conventional transition to conventional is

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from selfishness to responsibility to others

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Conventional goal is

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self sacrifice to others

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the transition from conventional to post conventional is from

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goodness to truth

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Post conventional goal is

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principle of nonviolence:do not hurt others or self