Human Development

Front 1

What does "tabula rasa" mean?

Back 1

Blank slate

Front 2

Explain the imaginary audience, one of the developmental characteristics of adolescence noted by David Elkind

Back 2

Adolescents, preoccupied with their own physical changes, assume that others are equally intrigued and are scrutinizing them.

Front 3

Explain the personal fable, one of the developmental characteristics of adolescence noted by David Elkin.

Back 3

Adolescents may believe that "my life is different from everyone else's; no one can understand how I feel or what I think." Leads to isolation and risky behaviors.

Front 4

Define cognition.

Back 4

Refers to all processes whereby knowledge is acquired, from basic perception to advanced operations.

Front 5

In which field was Jean Piaget noted?

Back 5

Cognitive psychology

Front 6

Explain the state of disequilibrium, according to Piaget.

Back 6

A state experienced by someone who encounters a new stimulus

Front 7

Explain the concept of accomodation, as per Piaget.

Back 7

Adjusting prior knowledge gained through former experiences and interactions in order to reach equilibrium.

Front 8

Explain the concept of assimilation, as per Piaget.

Back 8

Fitting together new information with what has been previously known or understood to reach equilibrium.

Front 9

Define stage theories.

Back 9

Theories that share the common tenet that certain characteristics will occur in predictable sequences.

Front 10

List the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget's theory.

Back 10

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operations
Formal operations

Front 11

At what age do children generally experience the sensorimotor stage?

Back 11

Birth to two years

Front 12

At what age do children generally experience the preoperational stage?

Back 12

Two and seven years

Front 13

At what age do children generally experience the concrete operations stage?

Back 13

7 to 11 years

Front 14

At what age do children generally experience the formal operations stage?

Back 14

11 to 15 years

Front 15

As per Piaget, what stage is characterized by egocentrism, rigidity of thought, and semilogical reasoning?

Back 15

Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

Front 16

As per Piaget, what stage is characterized by an ability to consider other viewpoints, perform transformations, make inferences, and manipulate symbols?

Back 16

Concrete operations stage (7-11 years)

Front 17

As per Piaget, what stage is characterized by the ability to engage in logical and abstract thought and the abitility to use the scientific method.

Back 17

Formal operations stage (11-15 years)

Front 18

Which stage theorist defined eight stages of development in terms of polarities?

Back 18

Erik Erikson

Front 19

As per Erikson, preschoolers experience a stage of initiative versus ____.

Back 19

Guilt

Front 20

As per Erikson, school-age children experience a stage of industry versus _____.

Back 20

Inferiority

Front 21

According to Erikson, this happens when an adolscent finds out what they believe in, what their goals are, etc.

Back 21

Identity achievement

Front 22

As per Erikson, high school students experience a stage of intimacy versus ________.

Back 22

Isolation

Front 23

Name three internal factors that impact students.

Back 23

Personality
Self-concept
Self-esteem
Self-discipline
Self-control
Ability to cope with stress
General outlook on life

Front 24

Name three external factors that impact students.

Back 24

Home environment
Family relationships
Peer relationships
Community situations
School environment

Front 25

Who developed the hierarchy of human needs?

Back 25

Abraham Maslow

Front 26

Name the three levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Back 26

Physiological
Safety
Need to belong

Front 27

According to Tarivs, what leads to anger?

Back 27

Unfulfilled expectations

Front 28

Name three factors that can cause stress.

Back 28

Environmental (pollution, crowding)
Physiological (sickness, injury)
Psychological (negative self-image)

Front 29

Which researchers found that teachers are more likely to call on boys than girls?

Back 29

David Sadker and Mary Sadker

Front 30

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

Back 30

Phenomenon in which what teachers expect becomes reality

Front 31

What are some environmental factors in school that students may have preferences about?

Back 31

Lighting
Noise
Seating
Temperature
Design

Front 32

What are the four emotional factors for students?

Back 32

Motivation
Persistence
Responsibility
Structure

Front 33

Name some sociological factors in how students learn.

Back 33

Social vs. independent learners
Close guidance vs. minimum guidance

Front 34

Name some physiological factors in how students learn.

Back 34

Preference for food and drnk while studying
Preferred time of day
Mobility
Perceptual strengths

Front 35

What are the four learning styles?

Back 35

Auditory
Visual
Tactile
Kinesthetic

Front 36

Which theory of cognitive development describes learning in discrete and predictable stages?

Back 36

Piagetian theory

Front 37

What cognitive development theory focuses on the process of learning?

Back 37

Information processing theory

Front 38

What theory of intelligence takes into account three features of learning?

Back 38

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence

Front 39

What are the three features of Sternberg's triarchhic theory of intelligence?

Back 39

Mechanics
Experiences
Context

Front 40

What is an instructional objective?

Back 40

What students should be able to do as a result of instruction.

Front 41

What is an instructional outcome?

Back 41

What tasks a student should be able to perform as a result of achieving the instructional objectives.

Front 42

What is metacognition?

Back 42

What, how, and why people know whay they know when they know it. (Thinking about knowing.)

Front 43

Who explained that there are three kinds of metacognitive knowledge?

Back 43

Flavell

Front 44

What are the three types of metacognitive knowledge?

Back 44

Person knowledge
Task knowledge
Strategy knowledge