Human Development 1St Midterm

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self reports

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interviews, focus groups, written questionaires and tests as a method for collecting data- used in sociology and psychology

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experimental method

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manipulating some aspect of the environment in order to see what effect this has on behavior- include random assignment and experiments control-allows cause and effect

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quasi- experiments

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no random assignment- just find people in the circumstance you want to study

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secondary data

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using pre-existing data in a different way or to answer a different research question than initially intended (crime data used to question neighborhood fear)

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correlation

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when two things are associated with each other- positive with both going the same way and negative when opposite directions

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causation

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when one thing leads to another- determined by experimental method

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3rd variable

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one outside variable that is actually a cause of the two variables in the correlation

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criteria for establishing causation

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correlation between the two variables, time order or directionality, elimination of 3rd variables as possible alternative explanations

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naive realism

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the universal belief that all people define the real world of objects, events and living creatures in the same way- everyone will act the same way- no malicious intent

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ethnocentrism

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the tendency to believve that one's own cultural group is centrally important (and better) and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own- involves negative perspective of the other groups

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normative

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the average in statistical terms

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normal

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what you think is right or wrong and can be affected by cultural norms- involves moral implications

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cultural relativism

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the principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture (Body Rituals of the Nacirema)

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cross-sectional design

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one shot data collection of multiple groups at the same time (cheap and quick)

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longitudinal design

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collection of data from one group over multiple time points (includes development)

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cohort effect

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confounded with age so what does growing up in a certain time period do and how does it affect you?

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cohort-sequential design

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start off with cross-sectional design then take one group and follow them over time

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observations

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actually viewing people and their environment

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participant observations

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viewing people in their common, everyday surroundings- used in anthropology

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structured observations

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create special conditions designed to illicit the behavior of interest- used in psychology-more control but contrived behavior

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covert observer

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observing others without participating in social interaction and without identifying self as researcher

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complete observer

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observing others without participating in social interactions but identifying seld as researcher- observer effect

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covert participant

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observing others while participating in social interaction without identifying self as researcher

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overt participant

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observing others while participating in social interaction and identifying self as researcher- anthropologists- takes time to build a relationship and trust

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privilege

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exists when one group has something of value that is denied to thers simply because of the groups they belong to rather than because of anything they've done or failed to do

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individual discrimination

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the behavior of individual members of one group that is intended to have a harmful affect on the members of another group based on group membership- anyone can carry out this form

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institutional discrimination

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the policies of the dominant institutions and the behavior of individual who control these institutions and implement the policies that are intended to have harmful effects on groups that lack power- well communicated within the group

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structural discrimination

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the policies of the dominant institutions and the behavior of individual who control these institutions and implement these policies which are neutral in intent but which have harmful effects on groups that lack power- not illegal but may be intentional

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oppression

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oppressed people suffer from some inhibition of their abilities to develop and exercise their capacities and express their needs, thoughts, and feelings- involves long lasting restraints on groups- structural- opposite of privilege

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exploitation

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when there is a transfer of the labor of one social group to benefit another- ex is slavery

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marginalization

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when a group is expelled or restricted from useful participation in social life and thus potentially subjected to material deprivation or suspension of basic rights (privacy, respect, individual choice)

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powerlessness

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when people lack authority over others and themselves- they take orders and rarely have the right to give them

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cultural imperialism

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the universalization of a dominant group's experience and culture as the norm- not letting an immigrant speak their own language

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systematic violence

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when people live with the knowledge that they must fear random, unprovoked attacks on their persons or property because of their "membership" in a particular group- doesn't have to happen just the living in fear is systematic violence

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culture

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an invisible web of behaviors, patterns, rules and rituals of a group of people who have contact with one another and share common language

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explicit culture

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part of culture that is easily recognizable because we talk about it, point to it, and refer to it (language, clothing, religion, food, etc)

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tacit culture

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part of culture that makes up the majority of culture- happens outside of our awareness (personal space, eye contact, levels of respect through authority)

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explicit culture

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part of culture that is easily recognizable because we talk about it, point to it, and refer to it (language, clothing, religion, food, etc)

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tacit culture

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part of culture that makes up the majority of culture- happens outside of our awareness (personal space, eye contact, levels of respect through authority)

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development

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systematic changes and continuities that occur between conception and death- lifelong and includes mental, physical and emotional development

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biological maturation

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you are not active in your own development because it all has to do with genes

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age grades

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how cultures divide the lifespan into stages

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age stages in US

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prenatal, infancy, preschool, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood

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age norms

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what society beleives people should be doing in each age grade- what the average person usually does in the age grade

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timing

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the "when" of life events

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sequencing

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the "order" of life events- being out of sequence more consequential than being out of time

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deviance hypothesis

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children who stand apart from their peers in appearance may experience more psychological distress than those who blend in more easily

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child adultification

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processes in which youth are prematurely, and often inappropriately, exposed to adult knowledge and assume extensive adult roles and responsibilities within their family networks

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hurry child

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family focused; This idea that the norm is shifting. We are trying to push our children along, overscheduled, pushing them into S.A.T.s at age 12.

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precocious knowledge

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witnessing situations and acquiring knowledge that are advanced for a child’s age- don't assume adult roles in the family

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mentored adultification

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Assuming an adult-like role with limited supervision from an adult. Generational boundaries still intact; parent still in charge

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peerification

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assuming an adult-like role with the child behaving more like the parents’ peer rather than like a subordinate. Children have status equal to that of the parent.

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spousification

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children move into glorified adult like roles. Might work a job, take care of the younger kids, might discipline younger siblings- no hierarchy

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parentification

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Serving as a parent like figure full time to both siblings and parents; Most likely when the parents can’t take care of anything due to illness or addiction

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consequences of adultification

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school's compromised, socially can't hang out with friends, engage in impulsive caregiving, risky sexual behavior

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positives of adultification

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become more resilient, feel like they matter, more responsible, learn important life skills, leadership skills, strong ability to show empathy, confidence, independence