Human Development 0-2

Front 1

If infant is malnourished what happens in brain

Back 1

Will have lower development in skills associated ex. language, reading

Front 2

Pruning

Back 2

Decrease in dendrites, they die off
purpose- to isolate pathways for more efficient functioning

Front 3

Experience Expectant

Back 3

Experience Expectant- Infant's brain expects to develop. Ex. Infants expect nurturing language

Front 4

Experience Dependent

Back 4

Individualized experience that brain doesn't expect
-variable experiences from culture to culture, fam to fam
-guitar..

Front 5

Senses, Early infancy

Back 5

sensation is primary and perception comes later, all senses function at birth

Front 6

Vision

Back 6

3 wks- vision is 2600, can see 6-12 in
6 mnths- 20/20, binocular vision

Front 7

Hearing

Back 7

in-vitro, very good at birth, within 2 weeks turn head to familiar sounds

Front 8

Tasting

Back 8

rapid, immediately adapting

Front 9

Reflexes

Back 9

Breathing, eye blink, rooting, sucking, swallowing, stepping, Babinski, grasping, moro

Front 10

Rooting Reflex

Back 10

turn head to whatever touches cheek

Front 11

Babinski

Back 11

fanning of feet when stroked

Front 12

Stepping

Back 12

held upright, with feet touching flat surface, they move legs

Front 13

Swimming

Back 13

when they lay on their stomachs, stretch out arms and legs

Front 14

palmar grasping

Back 14

grasp what touches palm

Front 15

moro

Back 15

when something startles them, perhaps banging, infants fling their arms outward and bring them back together on chest

Front 16

Gross motor skills

Back 16

physical movement of arms, torso, legs
crawl- 6-8 months
walk 8-14 months
jumping 1.5 years (18 mnths)

Front 17

fine motor skills

Back 17

small body movements- drawing, picking small objects up
4 months

Front 18

Cognitive- Piaget's Stage Theory/Info. processing theory

Back 18

Primary circular reactions- infants responding to own body

Front 19

Piaget Stage 1

Back 19

0-1 Month- Reflexes suck, grasp, staring, listening

Front 20

Piaget Stage 2

Back 20

1-4 months- assimilation and accomadation

Front 21

Assimiliation

Back 21

using/engaging in environment in way that they use things in environment that they already know.. hand to mouth with everything

Front 22

Accomadation

Back 22

breast to bottle..
learn to accomadate by changing way they interact with environment
response to purpose of object

Front 23

2ndary circular reaction

Back 23

Stages 3 and 4, involving baby reacting with other people/objects

Front 24

Piaget 4-8 months

Back 24

awareness of things, respond to people/objects, emotional reaction, approach objects/people, babbling

Front 25

Piaget 8-12 months

Back 25

adapt more, anticipate things, predict, increase actions

Front 26

Tertiary Circular Reactions, 12-18 months

Back 26

1 year old take 1st independent and varied actions, exploration, experimentation, testing parents, building stuff, getting in trouble, autonomous/autonomy

Front 27

psychosocial 18-24 months

Back 27

mental combinations, starting to understand, consequences to actions, don't rely as much on trial and error (hide stuff), questions, putting sentences together

Front 28

Habituation vs. Piaget

Back 28

memory in infants is solid in habituation, getting used to objects use, scientists see memory as long as 6 wks old, Piaget only had 3 study cases

Front 29

Info processing theory vs. Piaget

Back 29

based on how we store, categorize, and expel info, believe intellectual capacity, concepts and categories develop by 6 months, identify concepts

Front 30

Affordance

Back 30

stimuli in environment that allow for response. using pencil-afforded experience, door handle, infants develop cognitively through affordance of experiences, also dev. individual differences

Front 31

Infant Remembers best under 3 circumstances

Back 31

1. environmental conditions are real life experiences
2. motivation is high
3. Caregivers provide memory aides, corrections, positive/negative instance

Front 32

Language development universal

Back 32

prior to 6 months, infants can mimic all sounds

Front 33

Communication Neonates

Back 33

through reflexes

Front 34

talk 2-6 months

Back 34

both cooing, crying, moving into squeaks and growls

Front 35

talk 6 months

Back 35

cooing more frequent, more noises

Front 36

talk 6-10 months

Back 36

babbling, 1 syllable repeated over/over, vowel w/ simple consonant "ba"

Chomsky- even deaf children babble in sign language

Front 37

talk 10-12 months

Back 37

greater comprehension of more complex words, more receptive language

Front 38

talk 10-14 months

Back 38

1 word utterances

Front 39

talk 13-18 months

Back 39

increase in word development, 50 words to 100 words per month

Front 40

talk 21 months

Back 40

2 words utterances

Front 41

Talking 24 months

Back 41

telegraphic speech, basic sentences 3 or 4 words. Genetic component: correct grammar based on hearing patterns, but Chomsky says we are genetically programmed to have correct grammar

Front 42

Skinner behavioral theory (behaviorist)

Back 42

language is reinforced so there is increased language behavior
-frequent repetition increase language dev.
-well taught infants, well spoken children

Front 43

Naom Chomsky-Heritability theory

Back 43

infants teach themselves, language is innate and they don't need to be taught

Front 44

Difference between language and communication

Back 44

language has deep structure: idioms not as literal as communicating something

Front 45

Chomsky heridity language acquisition device

Back 45

in brain to learn grammar and vocab

Front 46

Social Impulse Theory

Back 46

social pragmatic theory- believe we acquire lang because we are social beings, because interact w/ other language users

Front 47

Baby emotions

Back 47

distress, comfort/contentment

Front 48

emotions 6 weeks

Back 48

anger (distress becomes anger), frowning eyebrows universal across cultures, distress, comfort

Front 49

emotions 8-9 months

Back 49

fear, anger, distress, comfort

Front 50

emotion 9-14 months

Back 50

stranger wariness, anxiety, universal, separation anxiety, fear of abandonment, reactive attachment disorder (RAD).

Front 51

RAD

Back 51

doughnut theory, if you let the child come to you, if diagnosed before 3, could cure it

Front 52

emotion 14 + months

Back 52

pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt, self awareness 18 months (15-24 months) rouge test. start saying I and me. before this, they feel apart of you

Front 53

Theories of emotions/psychosocial development: Freud's Stages of Psychosocial Development- Oral

Back 53

at this stage, primary experience is oral gratification.
-problems- starvation, weaned too early, if baby is spoiled orally, they will have oral fixation

Front 54

Freud's Anal stage

Back 54

gratification through excrement. If it goes bad, experience all life anal retentive, OCD, rigid, organized, irritable, agressive

Front 55

Erikson- psychosocial stages- Trust vs. Mistrust

Back 55

respond to bodily needs, "when i am in need, my needs will be met"

Front 56

Erikson- autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Back 56

feel competent, trust independent
-feel unsuccessful

Front 57

Behaviorism (psychosocial)

Back 57

+/- consequences of behavior is result of actions, social interactions and observations of others (social learning)

Front 58

Behaviorism, Temperament Drome Cagen

Back 58

-longitudinal study, temperament-innate characteristic over time.

Front 59

Affordances- Gibson's information processing theory

Back 59

perception is not automatic, affordance- opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place or object in the environment.