Human Body Tissues

Front 1

Types of epithelial tissues:

Back 1

1. Simple Squamous
2. Simple Cuboidal
3. Simple Columnar
4. Pseudo-stratified Columnar
5. Stratified Squamous
6. Stratified Cuboidal
7. Stratified Columnar
8. Transitional

Front 2

Characteristics of epithelial tissues:

Back 2

- Cover organs
- Form the lining of body cavities
- Lines hollow organs
- Always has a free surface
- Have a thin, nonliving layer that anchors them to the underlying tissue (Basement Membrane)
- Usually lacks blood vessels
- Rapidly divides
- Tight junctions between adjacent cells
- Can be tightly packed (layered)
- Usually directly involved in the function of the tissue

Front 3

How epithelial tissues are classified:

Back 3

1. The shape of the cell
2. Number of layers of cells
3. Free surface

Front 4

Shapes of cells in epithelial tissues:

Back 4

Squamous (scale) - flat, pancakey
Cuboidal - square shaped
Columnar - tall, thin

Front 5

Simple squamous tissue - appearance

Back 5

Single layer
Thin, flattened shape

Front 6

Simple squamous tissue - where found

Back 6

Lungs (alveoli)
Walls of capillaries
Kidneys (capsule around renal glomeruli)

Front 7

Simple squamous tissue - function

Back 7

Diffusion & filtration
Allows substances to easily pass through

Front 8

Simple cuboidal tissue - appearance

Back 8

Single layer
Square-shape
Centrally located nuclei

Front 9

Simple cuboidal tissue - where found

Back 9

Covers ovaries
Forms renal tubules
Ducts of certain glands

Front 10

Simple cuboidal tissue - function

Back 10

Diffusion & filtration
Allows substances to easily pass through

Front 11

Simple columnar tissue - appearance

Back 11

Single layer
Elongated/column-like shape
May/may not have cilia
Nuclei usually located at the bottom of the cell

Front 12

Simple columnar tissue - where found

Back 12

Digestive tract (stomach through large intestine)
Line uterus

Front 13

Simple columnar tissue - function

Back 13

Absorption & secretion
Goblet cells - secrete mucus

Front 14

Psuedo-stratified columnar - appearance

Back 14

Appears layered, but is not
Nuclei are at 2 or more levels
All cells reach the basement membrane
Elongated/column-like
Usually have cilia
Goblet cells often present

Front 15

Psuedo-stratified columnar - where found

Back 15

Linings of respiratory passages

Front 16

Psuedo-stratified columnar - function

Back 16

Linings of respiratory passages
Cilia move debris, foreign particles out
Protects lungs

Front 17

Stratified squamous - appearance

Back 17

Multiple layers
Thin, flattened shape
Cells nearest the free surface are the most flattened
Cells closer to the basement membrane may be more rounded

Front 18

Stratified squamous - where found

Back 18

Skin
Oral cavity
Throat
Esophagus
Vagina

Front 19

Stratified squamous - function

Back 19

Protection, moistening
Tough cells

Front 20

Stratified cuboidal - appearance

Back 20

Usually only 2/3 layers
Cube/square shaped next to the free surface
Form the linings of lumens
Central nuclei

Front 21

Stratified cuboidal - where found

Back 21

Ducts of glands (mammary, salivary, sweat, pancreas)
Ovarian follicles
Seminiferous tubules

Front 22

Stratified cuboidal - function

Back 22

Lining of lumens (open spaces in a duct from a gland)

Front 23

Stratified columnar - appearance

Back 23

Multiple layers
Elongated/column-like shape
Nuclei at various levels

Front 24

Stratified columnar - where found

Back 24

Pharynx
Vas deferens
Male urethra

Front 25

Stratified columnar - function

Back 25

Very protective
Thickest epithelium

Front 26

Transitional - appearance

Back 26

Appears cuboidal-like at rest
Changes shape when stretched (squamous-like)
Multiple layers

Front 27

Transitional - where found

Back 27

Bladder
Ureters
Part of urethra

Front 28

Transitional - function

Back 28

Responds to changes in tension/volume
Functions like epithelium and muscle

Front 29

Types of Connective Tissues:

Back 29

1. Loose connective (areolar)
2. Adipose
3. Reticular Connective
4. Dense Connective
4.a. Regular
4.b. Irregular
5. Elastic Connective
6. Cartilage
6.a. Hyaline
6.b. Elastic
6.c. Fibrocartilage
7. Bone
8. Blood

Front 30

General Characteristics of Connective Tissue

Back 30

Most abundant tissues in the body
Cells are farther apart than cells in epithelia
Cells can usually divide
Have an abundance of extracellular matrix between their cells
Varying number of blood vessels

Front 31

Extracellular matrix

Back 31

Material surrounding the cells of connective tissue

Front 32

Extracellular matrix composition

Back 32

1. Protein fibers
2. Ground substance

Front 33

How connective tissues are classified:

Back 33

1. Type of fibers present
2. Arrangement of fibers
3. Ground substance consistency

Front 34

Connective tissues - major cell types

Back 34

1. Fibroblast
2. Macrophage
3. Mast cells

Front 35

Fibroblast

Back 35

Most common fixed cell
Produce fibers by the secretion of proteins
Found in almost every tissue

Front 36

Macrophage

Back 36

Originate as white blood cells (from the bone marrow)
May be fixed or actively mobile
For phagocytosis

Front 37

Mast cells

Back 37

Usually located near blood vessels
Release heparin (prevents clotting)
Release histamine (increases blood flow into tissues)

Front 38

Connective tissue fiber types:

Back 38

1. Collagenous
2. Elastic
3. Reticular

Front 39

Collagenous connective tissue fiber

Back 39

Composed of the protein collagen
Long PARALLEL groups of the protein
Slightly elastic and great strength
Major structural protein of the human body

Front 40

Collagenous connective tissue fiber - where found

Back 40

Connective tissue of almost every structure/organ

Front 41

Elastic connective tissue fiber

Back 41

Composed of a spring-like protein called elastin
Fibers branch and form complex networks
Very elastic/easily stretches
Weaker than collagen

Front 42

Elastic connective tissue fiber - where found

Back 42

Vocal cords
Air passages
Large blood vessels

Front 43

Reticular connective tissue fiber

Back 43

Thin, small collagenous fibers
Highly branched
Forms delicate support networks
Blue-colored

Front 44

Reticular connective tissue fiber - where found

Back 44

Connective tissue of organs (liver, spleen)
Lymph nodes

Front 45

Aerolar CT (loose CT) - appearance

Back 45

Cells mainly fibroblasts located some distance apart
Forms thin, delicate membranes
Has Collagen and Elastic fibers
Loosely packed (empty space)

Front 46

Aerolar CT (loose CT) - function

Back 46

Underlies most layers of epithelium
Binds skin to underlying organs (allows diffusion)
Fills spaces between muscles (allows movement)

Front 47

Aerolar CT (loose CT) - where found

Back 47

Muscles
Skin

Front 48

Adipose CT - appearance

Back 48

Cytoplasm filled with lipids
Held in a framework of collagen fibers (fibers very spaced apart)
Composed mostly of adipocytes
Also contains fibroblasts, leukocytes, macrophages
Appears clear on slides due to solvent used

Front 49

Adipose CT - function

Back 49

Energy storage
Filled with lipids
Cushions
Insulates
Production of hormones such as leptin, estrogen, resistin and cytokine TNFa

Front 50

Adipose CT - where found

Back 50

Throughout the body

Front 51

Reticular CT - appearance

Back 51

Composed of thin, collagenous fibers
Forms a 3-D web/lace-like structure
Branching structure
Fibers appear blue

Front 52

Reticular CT - function

Back 52

Supports walls of internal organs/structures
Forms a soft skeleton (stroma) to support organs

Front 53

Reticular CT - where found

Back 53

Liver
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Red bone marrow

Front 54

Dense Regular CT - appearance

Back 54

Multiple closely packed thick collagen fibers
Fine network of elastic fibers
Fibers run parallel to each other

Front 55

Dense Regular CT - function

Back 55

Binding of structures (tendons, ligaments)
Very strong, can withstand tension
Very little blood supply. Takes long time to heal

Front 56

Dense Regular CT - where found

Back 56

Tendons
Ligaments

Front 57

Dense Irregular CT - appearance

Back 57

Multiple closely packed thick collagen fibers (less thick than Dense Regular)
Interwoven, more randomly
Spaces in the tissue

Front 58

Dense Irregular CT - function

Back 58

Protective
Can withstand forces in many directions

Front 59

Dense Irregular CT - where found

Back 59

Skin (comprises a large portion of the dermis)

Front 60

Elastic CT - appearance

Back 60

Multiple bands of parallel elastic fibers
Some collagen fibers and fibroblasts
Fibers appear red in UALR slides

Front 61

Elastic CT - function

Back 61

Gives support, but allows movement

Front 62

Elastic CT - where found

Back 62

Walls of arteries
Lungs
Vocal cords

Front 63

Cartilage - general characteristics

Back 63

Highly rigid CT (as compared to Dense CT)
Formed by chondrocytes
Has both collagen and elastic fibers
High water content
Poor blood supply

Front 64

Types of cartilage

Back 64

1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage

Front 65

Hyaline cartilage - appearance

Back 65

Looks like "white glass"
Cells loosely packed, lots of matrix
Fibers difficult to pick out
Typically appears PINK

Front 66

Hyaline cartilage - function

Back 66

Used as framework for long bone formation
Found on ends of bones

Front 67

Hyaline cartilage - where found

Back 67

Ends of bones
Soft part of nose
Supporting rings of trachea

Front 68

Elastic cartilage - appearance

Back 68

Many more elastic fibers than collagenous fibers
Usually found in thin layers
Similar in appearance to hyaline with more fibers present
Typically appears PURPLE

Front 69

Elastic cartilage - function

Back 69

Maintain shape
Support

Front 70

Elastic cartilage - where found

Back 70

External ear
Epiglottis

Front 71

Fibrocartilage - appearance

Back 71

Many more collagenous fibers than elastic fibers
Typically appears BLUE

Front 72

Fibrocartilage - function

Back 72

Acts as a shock-absorber
Very tough and dense

Front 73

Fibrocartilage - where found

Back 73

Intervertebral discs
Knees
Pubic Symphysis

Front 74

Bone

Back 74

Most rigid of CT
Hardness due to deposited calcium
Contains high content of collagen
Bone is a dynamic tissue (constantly regenerating)

Front 75

Bone - function

Back 75

Protects vital organs
Support for muscles
Stores minerals (Ca, P, F)
Contains bone marrow

Front 76

Bone cell types

Back 76

1. Osteoblast
2. Osteocyte
3. Osteoclast

Front 77

Osteoblast

Back 77

Bone growing/building cell

Front 78

Osteocyte

Back 78

Mature bone cell

Front 79

Osteoclast

Back 79

Bone re-absorption cell

Front 80

Blood

Back 80

Cells suspended in fluid instead of fixed in a tissue
Fluid part called Plasma
Produced by bone marrow

Front 81

Blood cell types

Back 81

1. Red blood cells
2. White blood cells
3. Platelets

Front 82

Components of plasma

Back 82

Water
Proteins
Electrolytes
Sugar
Fats

Front 83

Types of Muscular Tissue

Back 83

1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

Front 84

Myofiber

Back 84

muscle cell

Front 85

Sarcolemma

Back 85

muscle cell membrane

Front 86

Sarcoplasm

Back 86

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

Front 87

Main proteins of muscle fibers

Back 87

Actin (thin filament)
Myosin (thick filament)

Front 88

Myofilament

Back 88

protein fiber in muscle cell

Front 89

Myoglobin

Back 89

muscle protein that carries O2

Front 90

Muscle contraction

Back 90

Actin proteins slide over myosin proteins
Myofiber shortens
Caused by Ca(2+) activating a "bridge" between the 2 proteins
The sarcomere shortens

Front 91

Sarcomere

Back 91

basic unit in the myofiber

Front 92

Z Disc / Z line

Back 92

Area where actin filaments are attached in a sarcomere
Z disc anchors the actin filaments

Front 93

Muscle contraction - mechanism

Back 93

1. Nerve impulse reaches the muscle
2. Signal transmitted to the sarcolemma over a synapse
3. Chemical signal causes Ca(2+) to be released
4. Ca(2+) enters sarcoplasm
5. Increased Ca(2+) concentration activates the bridge between the actin and myosin
6. Actin can now slide over the myosin

Front 94

Skeletal muscle - appearance

Back 94

Visible striations
Multi-nucleated

Front 95

Skeletal muscle - control

Back 95

Voluntary control - requires conscious movement
All myofibers must have a nerve connection to contract

Front 96

Atrophy

Back 96

degeneration, wasting away

Front 97

Hypertrophy

Back 97

Enlargement due to an increased size of the muscle cells

Front 98

Hyperplasia

Back 98

enlargement due to an increased number of muscle cells

Front 99

Smooth muscle - appearance

Back 99

Fewer actin and myosin proteins
More widely spaced apart
Not parallel like skeletal muscle
Has spindle-shaped cells
1 centrally located nucleus

Front 100

Smooth muscle - control

Back 100

Involuntary control
Must have a nerve connection to contract (somewhere)

Front 101

Smooth muscle - structure

Back 101

Cells connected by a gap junction
Gap junction allows impulses to move between cells (w/o nerve connection)
Areas with gap junctions can contract as a unit

Front 102

Unitary smooth muscle

Back 102

1 nerve connection to a group of muscle cells
Can contract as a unit

Front 103

Multi-unit smooth muscle

Back 103

Areas without gap junctions
Function like skeletal muscle

Front 104

Cardiac muscle - characteristics

Back 104

Only found in the heart
Striations visible
Many actin & myosin fibers per cell, oriented parallel
Single nucleus, centrally located

Front 105

Intercalated discs

Back 105

Special structure in cardiac muscle
Functions like gap junction in smooth muscle

Front 106

Cardiac muscle - control

Back 106

Involuntary
Contractions are self-activated
Heart beats without any external signal
Nervous system controls rate and force

Front 107

Heart rate

Back 107

# of beats/minute

Front 108

Heart rhythm

Back 108

The timing between heat beats
Can be described as regular or irregular

Front 109

Neuron

Back 109

Basic nerve cell

Front 110

Neuron - function

Back 110

Transmit a signal from point A to point B in the body to cause a physiological response

Front 111

Nerve

Back 111

Collection of multiple neurons
Structure in the body - identified and named

Front 112

Dendrites

Back 112

Part of a neuron
Receive stimuli from internal or external sources
May be 1 or many per cell

Front 113

Neuron cell body

Back 113

Processes stimuli/signals
Provides energy/nutrients
Contains normal cellular components

Front 114

Axon

Back 114

Part of a neuron
Extension of the cell that transmits a signal to target structure
Only 1 per cell

Front 115

Myelin sheath

Back 115

Covering that surrounds axon of a neuron
Composed of cell membrane of another cell (produced by non-neuron cells)
Allows signals to move at greater speeds through the nervous system

Front 116

Schwann cells

Back 116

Cells in the PNS that compose the myelin sheath

Front 117

Gray matter

Back 117

area of a neuron that contains the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons
Found in the brain and spinal cord

Front 118

White matter

Back 118

areas composed of axons & myelin sheaths

Front 119

Neuroglial cells

Back 119

Non-neuron cells that surround neurons
Form myelin and provide protection and other support for the neurons

Front 120

Astrocytes

Back 120

Type of neuroglial cell
Function in the blood-brain barrier

Front 121

Ependymal cells

Back 121

Type of neuroglial cell
Produce CSF

Front 122

Membrane

Back 122

different types of tissue combined to create a structure for a specific function

Front 123

Epithelial membrane

Back 123

Multi-cellular sheet composed of:
1. epithelium
2. connective tissue

Front 124

Types of epithelial membranes

Back 124

1. Cutaneous
2. Mucous
3. Serous

Front 125

Cutaneous membrane - composition

Back 125

Stratified squamous epithelium - keratinized
Dense irregular CT (usually thick)

Front 126

Cutaneous membrane - function

Back 126

Protective

Front 127

Cutaneous membrane - where found

Back 127

skin

Front 128

Mucous membrane - composition

Back 128

Epithelium (type varies on location)
Aerolar connective tissue

Front 129

Mucous membrane - function

Back 129

Secretes mucous via goblet cells
Lines body cavities that open to the outside

Front 130

Mucous membrane - where found

Back 130

Lining of digestive tract
Respiratory tract
Oral cavity

Front 131

Serous membrane - composition

Back 131

Simple squamous epithelium
Aerolar connective tissue (thin layer)

Front 132

Serous membrane - function

Back 132

Secrete a thin, watery fluid (serous fluid)
Fluid provides lubrication to reduce friction between organs and cavity wall
Lines body cavities that DO NOT open to the outside
Covers many organs

Front 133

Serous membrane - where found

Back 133

Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Covers the heart, lungs, liver, etc
Usually found in body cavities.