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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the scrotum and the cremaster and dartos muscles? |
To regulate the temperature of the testes. They contract in cold temperatures to bring testes closer to the body and wrinkle the scrotum which reduces heat loss. They relax in hot temperatures to lower the testes and smooth out scrotum to allow cooling. |
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Describe the structure of the testes. |
The testes or testicles are paired oval glands in the scrotum measuring about 5cm long and 2.5cm in diameter. A serous membrane called the tunica vaginalis partially covers the tough white connective tissue layer of tunica albuginea. The septa of the tunica albuginea form 200-300 lobules within the testis. Seminiferous tubules fill each lobule. |
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Where in the testes are sperm produced? |
The seminiferous tubules. |
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What are the functions of the Sertoli and Leydig cells and where in the testes are they located? |
The Sertoli cells are located inside the seminiferous tubules. They form the blood-testis barrier. They support and protect developing spermatogenic cells. They release sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. They produce fluid for sperm transport. They secrete inhibin when sperm numbers are sufficient for efficient production. Leydig cells are located between adjacent seminiferous tubules. They secrete testosterone. |
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How does anaphase I of meiosis differ from anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis? |
Anaphase I of meiosis is where the homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids remain together. Anaphase in meiosis and anaphase II of meiosis is where sister chromatids separate. |
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What is the significance of meiosis I? |
In meiosis I homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate and crossing over occurs to rearrange genes between chromatids. Then the meiotic spindle pulls one chromosome of each pair to an opposite pole of the dividing cell. The two cells formed by meiosis I are called secondary spermatocytes. Each secondary spermatocyte has 23 chromosomes, the haploid number. However after meiosis I each chromosome within a secondary spermatocyte is made of two chromatids still attached by a centromere. |
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Describe the process of spermatogenesis including the final stage spermiogenesis. |
In humans spermatogenesis takes 65-75 days. It begins with the spermatogonia which contain the diploid number (2n) number of chromosomes. When spermatogonia undergo mitosis some spermatogonia remain near the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule in an undifferentiated state to serve as a reservoir of cells for future sperm production. The rest of the spermatogonia lose contact with the basement membrane, squeeze through the blood-testis barrier, undergo developmental changes and differentiate into primary spermatocytes. Primary spermatocytes like spermatogonia are diploid ie they have 46 chromosomes. Shortly after it forms each primary spermatocyte replicates its DNA and then meiosis begins. In meiosis I, homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate and cross-over occurs to rearrange genes between chromatids. Then the meiotic spindle pulls one chromosome of each pair to an opposite pole of the dividing cell. The two cells formed by meiosis I are called secondary spermatocytes. Each secondary spermatocyte has 23 chromosomes, the haploid number. However, after meiosis I each chromosome within a secondary spermatocyte is made up of two chromatids (2 copies of the DNA) still attached by a centromere. In meiosis II the chromosomes line up in single file along the metaphase plate and the two chromatids of each chromosome separate. The four haploid cells resulting from meiosis II are called spermatids. Therefore a single primary spermatocyte with 46 chromosomes undergoes two rounds of cell division in meiosis I and meiosis II to produce four spermatids each with 23 chromosomes. A unique process occurs during spermatogenesis. As spermatogenic cells proliferate they fail to complete cytoplasmic separation (cytokinesis). The four daughter cells remain in contact via cytoplasmic bridges through their entire development. This pattern of development most likely accounts for the synchronized production of sperm in any given area of a seminiferous tubule. It may also have survival value in that half of the sperm contain an X chromosome and half contain a Y chromosome. The larger X chromosome may carry genes needed for spermatogenesis that are lacking on the smaller Y chromosome. The final stage of spermatogenesis, spermiogenesis is the development of haploid spermatids into sperm. No cell division occurs in spermiogenesis. Each spherical haploid spermatid becomes an elongated slender sperm cell. |
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What are the functions of the sperm cell acrosome and middle piece? |
An acrosome which covers the anterior two-thirds of the nucleus forms atop the condensed elongated nucleus. It is a caplike vesicle filled with enzymes that help a sperm cell penetrate a secondary oocyte to bring about fertilization. The middle piece contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral which provides the energy (ATP) for locomotion of sperm to the secondary oocyte and for sperm metabolism. |
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Describe the hormonal control of spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion. |
At the onset of puberty the hypothalamus increases its secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This hormone in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase its secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Luteinizing hormone stimulates Leydig cells which are located between seminiferous tubules to secrete the hormone testosterone. This steroid hormone is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes and is the principal androgen. Through negative feedback, testosterone suppresses secretion of luteinizing hormone by the anterior pituitary and suppresses secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus. In some target cells such as those in the prostate, testosterone is converted to another androgen called dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Follicle stimulating hormone acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis. Follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone act synergistically on the Sertoli cells to stimulate secretin of androgen-binding protein (ABP) into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and into the interstitial fluid around the spermatogenic cells. Androgen-binding protein binds to testosterone keeping its concentration high. Testosterone stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules. Once the degree of spermatogenesis required for male reproductive functions has been achieved, Sertoli cells release inhibin a hormone named for its role in inhibiting follicle stimulating hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary. If spermatogenesis is proceeding too slowly, less inhibin is released which permits more follicle stimulating hormone secretion and an increased rate of spermatogenesis. |
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What are the functions of testosterone? |
Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone both bind to the same androgen receptors within the nuclei of target cells. The hormone receptor complex turns some genes on and turns others off. Testosterone produces several effect such as prenatal development, the development of male sexual characteristics, the development of sexual function and the stimulation of anabolism. |
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List the components of the duct system of the male reproductive system in order from testes to urethra. |
Seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts, ductus epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ampulla of ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra. |
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Name the structures in the spermatic cord. |
The spermatic cord contains the ductus deferens, the testicular artery, veins, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels and the cremaster muscle. |
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Describe the entry of the spermatic cord through the abdominal wall. |
The spermatic cord passes through the inguinal canal, an oblique passageway about 4-5cm long in the anterior abdominal wall that ends at the superficial inguinal ring. |
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What are the three subdivisions of the male urethra? |
The prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and spongy urethra. |
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Describe the locations and functions of the accessory sex glands. |
The seminal vesicles are paired convoluted pouch-like structures about 5cm long. They are positioned posterior to the base of the urinary bladder, anterior to the rectum and join the ampulla of the ductus deferens before forming the ejaculatory duct. They secrete an alkaline (neutralises acid in urethra), viscous fluid that contains fructose (ATP production by sperm), prostaglandins (sperm motility and smooth muscle contraction) and clotting proteins (semen coagulation after ejaculation). The prostate gland is a single doughnut-shaped gland about 4cm in diameter. It is positioned below the bladder and surrounds the prostatic urethra. It secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citric acid (ATP production by sperm), proteolytic enzymes (breakdown clotting proteins from seminal vesicles), seminalplasmin (antibiotic to decrease bacteria in semen and female lower reproductive tract). The bulbourethral gland are paired pea-size glands. They are positioned inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra. They secrete an alkaline fluid (protects sperm by neutralising acids from urine in urethra) and mucous (lubrication and protection of sperm). |
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Which accessory sex gland contributes the majority of seminal fluid? |
The seminal vesicles (about 60%). |
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Which tissue masses form the erectile tissue in the penis and how do they become rigid during sexual arousal? |
Corpora cavernosa (paired) and corpus spongiosum. Parasympathetic fibres cause dilation of smooth muscle in arterioles of erectile tissue which allows increased blood filling and closes off veins draining the erectile tissue. |
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Which tissue mass keeps the urethra open during ejaculation? |
The corpus spongiosum. |
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Explain the physiological processes involved in ejaculation. |
The sympathetic reflex stimulates peristaltic contractions of epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts and prostate which propel semen into the spongy urethra prior to ejaculation. The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the bladder closes. The musculature of the penis contracts. |
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What are the functions of the ovaries? |
Production of secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova after fertilisation. The production of hormones such as oestrogen, progesterone, inhibin and relaxin. |
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How are the ovaries held in place in the pelvic cavity? |
The broad ligament of the uterus and mesovarium enclose the ovaries and attaches them to the pelvic wall where it continues as the parietal peritoneum. A component of the broad ligament, the mesovarium further stabilises. The ovarian ligament anchors the ovaries to the uterus. The suspensory ligament attaches the ovaries laterally to the pelvic wall. |
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Which structures in the ovary serve an endocrine function and which hormones do they secrete? |
Follicles which produce oestrogens and corpus luteum which produces oestrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin. |
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How does the age of a primary oocyte in a female compare with the age of a primary spermatocyte in a male? |
Primary oocytes are present before birth whereas primary spermatocytes develop during puberty. |
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From which follicle does ovulation occur? |
A mature (Graafian) follicle. |
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Relate meiosis I and meiosis II to the development of follicles during oogenesis and after ovulation. |
During fetal development, meiosis I begins. After puberty primary oocytes complete meiosis I which produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body that may or may not divide again. The secondary oocyte begin meiosis II. A secondary oocyte and first polar body is ovulated. After penetration, meiosis II resumes. The oocyte splits into an ovum and a second polar body. |
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Where are the uterine tubes located? |
They extend about 10cm laterally from the top of the uterus. |
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What are the functions of the cells that line the uterine tubes? |
To sweep the fertilized ovum (or secondary oocyte) toward the uterus via action of the cilia. |
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What are the principal parts of the uterus? |
The fundus (dome-shaped superior portion), the body (tapering central portion) and the cervix (inferior narrow portion). |
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How is the uterus held in its normal position in the pelvic cavity? |
The paired broad ligaments attach the uterus to the pelvic cavity. The paired uterosacral ligaments connect the uterus to the sacrum. Cardinal ligaments extend from the cervix to the vagina and lateral pelvic wall. Round ligaments extend from the uterus to the labia majora. |
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Which of the structural features of the endometrium and myometrium contribute to their function? |
The endometrium has two layers. The stratum basalis which is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation. The stratum functionalis lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation. Myometrium consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibres that function in labour and childbirth. |
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What are the functions of the vagina? |
A receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse, an outlet for menstrual flow and a passageway for childbirth. |
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What structures comprise the vulva? |
The mons pubis cushions the pubic symphysis. The labia majora protectively encloses the medial components of the vulva. The labia minora contains sebaceous glands. The clitoris is capable of enlargement upon tactile stimulation and has a role in sexual excitement in the female. The vestibule contains the hymen, vaginal orifice, external urethral orifice and openings of the ducts of several glands. The bulb of the vestibule consists of two elongated masses of erectile tissue which become engorged with blood during sexual arousal resulting in narrowing the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the penis during intercourse. |
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Which structures in males are homologous to the ovaries, the clitoris, the greater vestibular glands and the bulb of the vestibule? |
The ovaries are equivalent to the testes. The clitoris is equivalent to the glans penis. The greater vestibular glands are equivalent to the bulbourethral glands. The bulb of the vestibule is equivalent to the corpus spongiosum penis and the bulb of the penis. |
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Which surface structures are anterior to the vaginal opening? |
The external urethral orifice, the clitoris and the mons pubis. |
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Which surface structures are lateral to the vaginal opening? |
The labia majora and labia minora. |
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How are breasts supported? |
By strands of connective tissue called the suspensory ligaments of the breast. |
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Through which structure does milk pass from its production site to its exit from the breast? |
From the alveoli to secondary tubules to mammary ducts to lactiferous sinuses to lactiferous ducts to the exterior. |
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Which hormones regulate the synthesis and ejection of milk? |
Oxytocin and prolactin. |
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Which hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones control the ovarian and uterine cycles? |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary. |
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Which oestrogen exerts the major effect in non-pregnant females? |
Oestradiol. |
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What effects do follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone have on the follicles? |
Follicle-stimulating hormone initiates growth of the ovarian follicles while luteinizing hormone stimulates their further development.. |
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What are the effects of oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin in the female reproductive cycle? |
Oestrogen promotes uterine lining development and development of the mature follicle. Progesterone promotes development of the uterine lining and maintains the lining if pregnancy occurs. Inhibin inhibits follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone secretion. Relaxin relaxes the uterus. |
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What effects does oestrogen have outside the uterus? |
Oestrogen promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics and the breasts. It works synergistically with human growth hormone to increase protein anabolism including the building of strong bones and lowers blood cholesterol. |
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List the phases of the female reproductive cycle? |
The menstrual phase, the preovulatory phase, ovulation, the postovulatory phase |
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List the phases of the ovarian cycle? |
Primordial follicles develop, the dominant follicle appears and becomes the mature follicle, after ovulation the mature follicle collapses. |
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List the phases of the uterine cycle? |
The entire stratum functionalis sloughs off and the stratum functionalis undergoes renewal |
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Why does only one follicle usually become a mature follicle? |
A follicle that begins to develop at the beginning of a particular menstrual cycle may not reach maturity and ovulate until several menstrual cycles later since the developmental process may take several months to occur. |
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Which hormones are responsible for the proliferative phase of endometrial growth, ovulation, the growth of the corpus luteum and the surge of luteinizing hormone at midcycle? |
Hormones responsible for endometrial growth are oestrogens. The hormones responsible for ovulation are oestrogens, luteinizing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The hormones responsible for the growth of the corpus luteum are luteinizing hormone and the hormones responsible for the surge of luteinizing hormone at midcycle are oestrogens which have positive feedback on GnRH and LH. |
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Is stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by declining levels of oestrogens and progesterone a positive or negative feedback effect? Explain your answer. |
Negative, feedback of declining levels of oestrogen produce a response that will result in increased levels of oestrogens. |
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Is stimulation of GnRH and LH by high levels of oestrogens at the end of the preovulatory phase a positive or negative feedback? |
Positive, high levels of oestrogen produce a response which will result in higher levels of oestrogen. |
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What causes follicles to start growing again in a new ovarian cycle? |
Quickly declining levels of progesterone, oestrogen and inhibin with degeneration of corpus luteum to corpus albicans causes release of GnRH. FSH and LH rise due to lack of negative feedback inhibition by the ovarian hormones (progesterone, oestrogen, inhibin) and follicular growth resumes. |
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What mechanisms move sperm from the vagina to the uterine tube? |
Sperm flagella movement and contractions of the walls of the uterus and uterine tube. |
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How does sperm penetrate the covering of the secondary oocyte? |
Sperm receptors in the zona pellucida bind to specific membrane proteins in the sperm head triggering the release of sperm acrosomal enzymes that digest a path through the zona pellucida as the lashing sperm tail pushes the sperm cell onward. |
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How is polyspermy prevented? |
The fast way to block polyspermy is that the oocyte cell membrane depolarizes on fertilization. A slow block to polyspermy is when intracellular calcium ions are released that stimulate exocytosis of chemicals which inactivate sperm receptors and harden the entire zona pellucida. |
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What is a morula and how is it formed? |
A morula is a solid sphere of cells produced by successive cleavages (over 4 days) of the fertilised ovum (zygote). |
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Describe the layers of the blastocyst and their eventual fates. |
The embryoblast located inside the blastocyst forms the embryo. The trophoblast is the outer superficial layer which develops into the chorion, a portion of the placenta. |
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In which phase of the uterine cycle does implantation occur? Where does it usually occur? How is the blastocyst oriented at implantation? |
Implantation occurs in the secretory phase. Implantation occurs in the posterior portion of the fundus or body of the uterus. The blastocyst orients with the embryoblast toward the endometrium. |
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What is the decidua? What are the components of the decidua? Which part of the decidua helps form the maternal part of the placenta? |
The decidua is the term for the endometrium after implantation. The components are the decidua basalis, decidua capsularis and the decidua parietalis. The maternal portion of the placenta is formed from the decidua basalis. |
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How does the embryo burrow into the endometrium? |
The trophoblast develops into two layers (cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast) in the region near the embryoblast. During implantation the syncytiotrophoblast secretes enzymes that digest and liquefy the endometrial cells. The blastocyst/embryo become buried in the inner third of the myometrium. |
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How is the bilaminar embryonic disc formed? What is the name of the cavity that forms between the two layers? How is it connected to the trophoblast? |
The bilaminar embryonic disc is formed by differentiation of the embryoblast cells into hypoblast and epiblast cells. The amniotic cavity forms between the two layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc. A band of extraembryonic mesoderm called the connection stalk (future umbilical cord) connects the bilaminar embryonic disc to the trophoblast by the end of the 2nd week of development. |
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The placenta has two distinct parts: the foetal portion formed by the chorionic villi of the chorion (cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast). The maternal portion is formed by the decidua basalis of the endometrium (formed by erosion of the syncytiotrophoblast to form maternal sinusoids). It is important as a site of exchange of nutrients and wastes between the mother and the foetus, a barrier to micro-organisms and produces hormones necessary to sustain pregnancy. |
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Describe the components of the umbilical cord. |
The components of the umbilical cord are two umbilical arteries (carries deoxygenated foetal blood), one umbilical vein (carries oxygen and nutrients from maternal sinusoids/intervillous spaces) and supporting mucous connective tissue. |
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What is the afterbirth? |
Afterbirth is the placenta detached from the uterus after the birth of the baby. |
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What is the source of progesterone and oestrogens during early pregnancy? During late pregnancy? |
The corpeus luteum is the source of progesterone and oestrogen during early pregnancy. The placenta is the source of progesterone and oestrogen during late pregnancy. |
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What is the source and function of human chorionic gonadotropin? Of human chorionic somatomammotropin? |
Human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by the chorion. It stimulates the corpeus luteum to continue production of progesterone and oestrogens. Human chorionic somatomammotropin is secreted by the chorion and helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation, enhances maternal protein synthesis and regulates aspects of metabolism in mother and foetus. |
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Which hormone helps ease the delivery of the baby? How? |
Relaxin by increasing the flexibility of pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis and helps dilate the cervix. |
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Which hormone helps control when birth occurs? |
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). |
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Which hormonal changes induce labour? |
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) increases and increased oestrogen amongst other effects causes release of prostaglandins to soften cervix. Oxytocin enhances uterine contraction, relaxin softens ligaments and dilates cervix. |
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Which hormone controls labour contractions? Why is control of labour considered a positive feedback loop? |
Oxytocin causes contractions of the myometrium to force the baby's head against the cervix. Stretch receptors in the cervix send nerve impulses to the hypothalamus causing it to release more oxytocin which causes stronger uterine contractions. The positive feedback cycle is broken with the birth of the baby. |
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Which hormones contribute to lactation? What is the function of each? |
Prolactin and oxytocin. Prolactin contributes to milk synthesis. Oxytocin contributes to milk ejection. |
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What are the advantages of breast-feeding over bottle feeding? |
The presence of beneficial cells for the infant, the presence of beneficial molecules in breast milk, decreased incidence of diseases in later life, support of optimal infant growth, enhancement of intellectual and neurological development as well as other benefits. |
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What is the function of oxytocin other than its involvement in lactation? |
It helps bonding between mother and child. |
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Male Reproductive System, what is a? |
a. Prostate |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the prostate?
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a |
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Male Reproductive System, what is b?
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b. Ejaculatory duct |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the ejaculatory duct?
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b |
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Male Reproductive System, what is c?
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c. Scrotum |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the scrotum?
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c |
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Male Reproductive System, what is d?
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d. Epididymus |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the epididymus?
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d |
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Male Reproductive System, what is e?
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e. Body of penis |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the body of the penis?
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e |
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Male Reproductive System, what is f?
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f. Ductus deferens |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the ductus deferens?
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f |
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Male Reproductive System, what is g?
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g. Testis |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the testis?
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g |
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Male Reproductive System, what is h?
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h. Prepuce |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the prepuce?
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h |
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Male Reproductive System, what is i?
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i. Glans penis |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the glans penis?
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i |
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Male Reproductive System, what is j?
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j. Corpus cavernosum penis |
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Male Reproductive System, what letter is the corpus cavernosum penis?
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j |
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SPERM ACROSOMAL ENZYMES DIGEST A PATH THROUGH THE A. ZONA PELLUCIDA B. GRANULOSA CELLS C. WALL OF THE PRIMARY OOCYTE D. FIRST POLAR BODY E. FALLOPIAN TUBES |
A. ZONA PELLUCIDA |
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ANTERIOR TO THE VAGINA AND URETHRAL OPENINGS IS THE A. LABIA MAJORA B. LABIA MINORA C. MONS PUBIS D. CERVICAL SPHINCTER E. LABIAL FRENULUM |
C. MONS PUBIS |
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IN MEIOSIS, CROSSING-OVER OCCURS TO REARRANGE GENES BETWEEN CHROMATIDS FOR THE PURPOSE OF A. REDUCING GENETIC DIVERSITY B. REDUCING THE POSSIBILITY OF MULTIPLE BIRTHS C. INCREASING GENETIC DIVERSITY D. DETERMINING THE SEX OF THE OFFSPRING E. PROOFREADING FOR REMOVING CHROMOSOMAL DEFECTS. |
C. INCREASING GENETIC DIVERSITY |
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DURING PREGNANCY STROKE VOLUME CAN INCREASE BY: A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40% E. 50% |
C. 30% |
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THE FALLOPIAN TUBES A. TRANSPORT URINE TO BE EXCRETED B. ALLOW FOR EJACULATION TO OCCUR C. PROVIDE A ROUTE FOR SPERM TO REACH AN OVUM AND TRANSPORT SECONDARY OOCYTES D. ALL OF THE ABOVE. |
C. PROVIDE A ROUTE FOR SPERM TO REACH AN OVUM AND TRANSPORT SECONDARY OOCYTES. |
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THE FUNCTION OF THE EPIDIDYMUS IS A. SPERM MATURATION B. PRODUCE SPERM C. SPERATID STORAGE D. PROVIDE NUTRITION TO SPERM E. ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM |
A. SPERM MATURATION |
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THE GLAND WITHIN THE BREAST THAT FUNCTION IN LACTATION AND THE PRODUCTION AND EJECTION OF MILK ARE CALLED: A. INGUINAL CANALS B. MEIBOMIAN GLANDS C. MAMMARY GLANDS D. MONTGOMERY GLANDS |
C. MAMMARY GLANDS |
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THE PLACENTA IS THE SITE OF EXCHANGE FOR A. NUTRIENTS AND MUCOUS BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND FOETUS B. MILK AND WASTE BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND FOETUS C. NUTRIENTS AND WASTE BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND FATHER D. NUTRIENTS AND WASTE BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND FOETUS. |
D. NUTRIENTS AND WASTE BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND FOETUS. |
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THESE CELLS MAY EVENTUALLY BECOME SPERMATOZOA A. SERTOLI CELLS B. SUSTENTACULAR CELLS C. SPERMATOGENIC CELLS D. CHIEF CELLS E. SPECIATION CELLS. |
C. SPERMATOGENIC CELLS |
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THESE CELLS SECRETE TESTOSTERONE A. SERTOLI CELLS B. SPERMATOGENIC CELLS C. LEYDIG CELLS D. OOGONIA E. CHIEF CELLS |
C. LEYDIG CELLS |
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THE ________ DEVELOPS FROM THE EPIBLAST AND CARRIES A PROTECTIVE FLUID. A. CYTOTROPHOBLAST B. YOLK SAC C. EXOCOELOMIC MEMBRANE D. AMNION E. LACUNAE |
D. AMNION |
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WHICH HORMONE STIMULATES LEYDIG CELLS TO SECRETE TESTOSTERONE? A. GnRHBeta B. LH C. FSH D. DHT E. NONE OF THE ABOVE |
B. LH |
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A SURGE OF THIS HORMONE TRIGGERS OVULATION AT THE OVARY A. GnRH B. LH C. FSH D. OESTROGEN E. PROGESTERONE |
B. LH |
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_________ IS A SERIES OF FUNCTIONAL CHANGES THAT SPERM GO THROUGH WHEN THEY ARE IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT A. ACROMEGALY REACTION B. MATURATION C. FERTILISATION D. CAPACITATION E. POLYSPERMY |
D. CAPACITATION |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES IS THE SITE OF SPERM PRODUCTION? A. VAS DEFERENS B. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES C. ALBUGINEA D. EPIDIDYMUS E. RAPHE |
B. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES |
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THIS STRUCTURE LIES POSTERIOR TO THE BLADDER AND ANTERIOR TO THE RECTUM AND SECRETES AN ALKALINE, FRUCTOSE-FILLED FLUID. A. PROSTATE B. BULBOURETHRAL GLAND C. SEMINAL VESICLES D. SPONGY URETHRA E. PROSTATIC URETHRA |
C. SEMINAL VESICLES |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES PROTECTS AND REGULATES THE TEMPERATURE OF THE TESTES? A. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES B. URETHRA C. TUNICA ALBUGINEA D. SCROTUM E. TUNICA VAGINALIS |
D. SCROTUM |
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UTERINE CONTRACTIONS DURING LABOUR ARE STIMULATED BY A POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP INVOLVING A PITUITARY HORMONE CALLED A. VASOPRESSIN B. OXYTOCIN C. PROLACTIN D. RELAXIN E. OESTROGEN |
B. OXYTOCIN |
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF A TROPHOBLAST? A. ULTIMATELY DEVELOPS INTO THE CHORION WHICH LATER BECOMES THE FOETAL PART OF THE PLACENTA. B. ULTIMATELY DEVELOPS INTO THE CHORION WHICH LATER BECOMES THE MATERNAL PART OF THE PLACENTA. C. DEVELOPS INTO THE EMBRYO D. OBTAINS NOURISHMENT AND STORES NUTRIENTS FROM THE CYTOPLASM OF THE BLASTOMERES. |
A. ULTIMATELY DEVELOPS INTO THE CHORION WHICH LATER BECOMES THE FOETAL PART OF THE PLACENTA |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES DOES NOT INVOLVE THE UTERUS? A. LABOUR B. MENSTRUATION C. FOETAL DEVELOPMENT D. FOLLICLE PRODUCTION |
D. FOLLICLE PRODUCTION |
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WHEN FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE IS RELEASED FROM THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND, WHAT CELLS DOES IT ACT UPON IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM? |
SERTOLI CELLS |
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IS SPERMATOGENESIS ENHANCED WHEN FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE LEVELS ARE HIGH OR LOW? |
HIGH |
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WHAT HORMONE RELEASED BY THE SERTOLI CELLS SERVES AS A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK RESPONSE TO DECREASE THE RELEASE OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE? |
INHIBIN |
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WHEN LUTEINIZING HORMONE IS RELEASED FROM THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND WHAT CELLS DOES IT ACT UPON IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM? |
LEYDIG CELLS |
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WHEN LOW LEVELS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE ARE BINDING WITH RECEPTORS LOCATED ON LEYDIG CELLS, IS THE LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE IN SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION INCREASED OR DECREASED? |
DECREASED |
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FOLLOWING ITS RELEASE FROM LEYDIG CELLS, TESTOSTERONE ELICITS ITS EFFECTS ON WHAT CELLS? |
SERTOLI CELLS |
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IS SPERMATOGENESIS ENHANCED WHEN TESTOSTERONE LEVELS ARE HIGH OR LOW? |
HIGH |
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ASIDE FROM BEING INVOLVED WITH SPERMATOGENESIS WHAT OTHER FUNCTIONS ARE INFLUENCED BY TESTOSTERONE? A. STIMULATE MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT B. DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS C. CONTRIBUTE TO MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR D. STIMULATION OF ANABOLISM E. STIMULATES THE DESCENT OF TESTES F. CONTRIBUTES TO LIBIDO G. STIMULATES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
A. STIMULATE MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT B. DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS C. CONTRIBUTE TO MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR E. STIMULATES THE DESCENT OF TESTES F. CONTRIBUTES TO LIBIDO |
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WHEN LEVELS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE ARE INCREASED WHAT HAPPENS WITHIN THE OVARIES? |
OVULATION |
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ONE OF THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IS TO FACILITATE OVULATION ON DAY 14 OF A 28 DAY CYCLE. WHEN OVULATION OCCURS AT AROUND DAY 14, WHAT HORMONES , APART FROM LUTEINIZING HORMONE ARE BEING RELEASED IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS? |
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE AND OESTROGEN |
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ON DAYS 19-28 OF A 28 DAY CYCLE THERE IS A MODERATE AMOUNT OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE BEING RELEASED. WHAT FUNCTION DOES THIS SERVE? |
LUTEINIZING HORMONE STIMULATES THE CORPUS HAEMORRHAGICUM TO TRANSFORM INTO THE CORPUS LUTEUM. |
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WHAT IS THE PRIMARY FUNCTION/S OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY A. TO INITIATE FOLLICULAR GROWTH B. DEVELOPMENT/MATURATION OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES C. TO INITIATE UTERUS LINING GROWTH D. DEVELOPMENT/MATURATION OF FAGELLUM |
A. TO INITIATE FOLLICULAR GROWTH B. DEVELOPMENT/MATURATION OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES |
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IN WHAT PHASE WOULD THERE BE A MODERATE AMOUNT OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE RELEASED? A. MENSTRUAL PHASE B. PRE-OVULATORY PHASE C. OVULATION PHASE D. POST-OVULATORY PHASE |
THERE IS A MODERATE AMOUNT OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE RELEASED DURING THE MENSTRUAL PHASE AND ALSO DURING THE LATE POST-OVULATORY PHASE |
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IN RESPONSE TO AN INCREASE IN FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES WHAT OTHER HORMONE WOULD BEGIN TO BE SECRETED? |
OESTROGEN IS SECRETED BY THE MATURING FOLLICLES AND ELICITS ITS EFFECTS ON THE UTERUS. |
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IN WHAT PHASE WOULD THERE BE LOW LEVELS OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE RELEASED? |
THERE IS A LOW AMOUNT OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE RELEASED DURING THE POST-OVULATORY PHASE |
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IN WHAT PHASE WOULD THERE BE A HIGH QUANTITY OF OESTROGENS RELEASED? |
THE HIGHEST QUANTITY OF OESTROGEN BEING RELEASED IS DURING THE PRE-OVULATORY AND OVULATION PHASES |
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DURING THE PRE-OVULATORY PHASE, THE DEVELOPING FOLLICLES BEGIN TO SECRETE HIGH LEVELS OF OESTROGENS INTO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION. IN RESPONSE TO THE SECRETION OF OESTROGEN WHAT HAPPENS WITHIN THE UTERUS? A. THE ENDOMETRIUM IS DESTROYED B. THE ENDOMETRIUM IS REPAIRED C. THE SPIRAL ARTERIES SUPPLYING BLOOD CONSTRICT D. THE MATURE OVARIAN FOLLICLE IS IMPLANTED IN THE UTERINE WALL. |
B. THE ENDOMETRIUM IS BEING REPAIRED IN RESPONSE TO THE SECRETION OF OESTROGEN |
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IN A 28 DAY CYCLE ON WHAT DAYS WOULD THERE BE A MODERATE AMOUNT OF OESTROGEN RELEASED? A. DAYS 1-5 B. DAYS 5-13 C. DAY 14 D. DAYS 15-28 |
A MODERATE AMOUNT OF OESTROGEN IS RELEASED BETWEEN DAYS 15-28 |
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DURING THE POST-OVULATORY PHASE OESTROGENS ARE SECRETED BY THE CORPUS LUTEUM FOR A PERIOD OF TWO WEEKS. IF AFTER THIS TIME THE OOCYTE IS NOT FERTILIZED THE CORPUS LUTEUM STOPS SECRETING HORMONES AND DEGENERATES INTO WHAT STRUCTURE? A. CORPUS LUTEUM B. CORPUS HAEMORRHAGICUM C. CORPUS ALBICANS D. PRIMARY OVARIAN FOLLICLE E. MATURE OVARIAN FOLLICLE. |
C. CORPUS ALBICANS |
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WHAT PHYSIOLOGICAL EVENTS OCCUR WITHIN THE UTERUS BETWEEN DAYS 1-5 OF A 28 DAY CYCLE? |
PROSTAGLANDINS ARE RELEASED CAUSING THE SPIRAL ARTERIOLES TO CONSTRICT LEADING TO THE DEATH OF CELLS WITHIN THE STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS AS A RESULT OF OXYGEN DEPRIVATION AND THE ONSET OF MENSTRUATION. |
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IN A 28 DAY CYCLE MENSTRUATION OCCURS ON DAYS 1-5. WHAT LAYER OF ENDOMETRIAL CELLS ARE REMOVED DURING THIS PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS? A. STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS CELLS B. MATURE OVARIAN FOLLICLES C. PRIMARY OOCYTES D. CORPUS ALBICANS |
A. STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS CELLS |
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IN WHAT PHASE WOULD THERE BE A HIGH AMOUNT OF PROGESTERONE RELEASED? A. MENSTRUAL PHASE B. PRE-OVULATORY PHASE C. OVULATION D. POST-OVULATORY PHASE |
D. POST-OVULATORY PHASE |
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DURING THE POST-OVULATORY PHASE HIGH LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE ARE SECRETED INTO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION. WHERE DOES THIS PROGESTERONE COME FROM? A. THE CORPUS ALBICANS B. THE CORPUS HAEMORRHAGICUM C. THE CORPUS LUTEUM D. THE OOCYTES |
C. THE CORPUS LUTEUM |
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IN WHAT PHASES WOULD THERE BE A SMALL AMOUNT OF PROGESTERONE RELEASED. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. A. MENSTRUAL PHASE B. POST-OVULATORY PHASE C. OVULATION D. PRE-OVULATORY PHASE |
A. MENSTRUAL PHASE D. PRE-OVULATORY PHASE |
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WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF PROGESTERONE. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY A. PREPARE ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION B. MAINTAIN ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION C. PREPARE UTERUS FOR IMPLANTATION D. PREPARE FOR IMPLANTATION OF THE FERTILIZED OVUM |
A. PREPARE ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION
B. MAINTAIN ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION C. PREPARE UTERUS FOR IMPLANTATION D. PREPARE FOR IMPLANTATION OF THE FERTILIZED OVUM |
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WHAT TWO HORMONES DO THE OVARIES AND TESTES BOTH RESPOND TO? A. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE B. GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE C. TESTOSTERONE D. PROGESTERONE E. LUTEINIZING HORMONE F. OESTROGEN |
A. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
E. LUTEINIZING HORMONE |
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SPECIFICALLY IN FEMALES, WHAT IS THE MAIN ROLE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE? A. FACILITATE OVULATION B. FACILITATE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK C. FACILITATE ADDITIONAL GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE |
A. FACILITATE OVULATION
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SPECIFICALLY IN MALES, WHAT IS THE MAIN ROLE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE? A. STIMULATE CELLS TO SECRETE TESTOSTERONE B. STIMULATE SPERMATOGENIC CELLS TO SECRETE TESTOSTERONE C. STIMULATE LEYDIG CELLS TO SECRETE TESTOSTERONE |
C. STIMULATE LEYDIG CELLS TO SECRETE TESTOSTERONE
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SPECIFICALLY IN FEMALES, WHAT IS THE MAIN ROLE OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE? A. STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES B. STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UTERUS C. STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CERVIX |
A. STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES
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SPECIFICALLY IN MALES, WHAT IS THE MAIN ROLE OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE? A. INDIRECTLY STIMULATES SPERMATOGENESIS B. DIRECTLY STIMULATES SPERMATOGENESIS C. INDIRECTLY STIMULATES MALE ORGAN DEVELOPMENT |
B. DIRECTLY STIMULATES SPERMATOGENESIS
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ALL MAJOR ORGANS IN AN EMBRYO ARE DEVELOPED BY A. BETWEEN THE FOURTH AND EIGHTH WEEK B. BETWEEN THE FOURTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH WEEK C. BETWEEN THE TENTH AND TWENTIETH WEEK D. BETWEEN THE THIRTIETH AND THIRTY-FIFTH WEEK |
A. BETWEEN THE FOURTH AND EIGHTH WEEK |
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MONOZYGOTIC TWINS DEVELOP FROM A. A SINGLE FERTILIZED OVUM THAT SEPARATES INTO TWO EMBRYOS B. TWO FERTILIZED OVA C. A SINGLE FERTILIZED OVUM THAT SEPARATES INTO THREE EMBRYOS D. A SINGLE FERTILISED OVUM THAT DOES NOT SEPARATE |
A. A SINGLE FERTILIZED OVUM THAT SEPARATES INTO TWO EMBRYOS |
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THIS WILL BECOME THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE FOR EXCHANGE OF MATERIAL BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND THE FOETUS A. CHORIONIC VILLI OF THE PLACENTA B. AMNION C. AMNIONIC FLUID D. EMBRYONIC DISC E. ENDODERM |
A. CHORIONIC VILLI OF THE PLACENTA |
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SPERM ACROSOMAL ENZYMES DIGEST A PATH THROUGH THE A. ZONA PELLUCIDA B. GRANULOSA CELLS C. WALL OF THE PRIMARY OOCYTE D. FIRST POLAR BODY E. FALLOPIAN TUBES |
A. ZONA PELLUCIDA |
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IN MEIOSIS CROSSING OVER OCCURS TO REARRANGE GENES BETWEEN CHROMATIDS FOR THE PURPOSE OF ___________ A. REDUCING GENETIC DIVERSITY B. REDUCING THE POSSIBILITY OF MULTIPLE BIRTHS C. INCREASE GENETIC DIVERSITY D. DETERMINING THE SEX OF THE OFFSPRING E. PROOFREADING FOR REMOVING CHROMOSOMAL DEFECTS |
C. INCREASING GENETIC DIVERSITY |
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WHICH CELLS LOCATED WITHIN THE TESTES MAY EVENTUALLY BECOME SPERMATOZOA A. SERTOLI CELLS B. SUSTENTACULAR CELLS C. SPERMATOGENIC CELLS D. CHIEF CELLS E. SPECIATION CELLS |
C. SPERMATOGENIC CELLS |
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THIS IS THE SITE OF FERTILIZATION A. URETERS B. URETHRA C. UTERINE TUBES D. OVARIES E. VAGINA |
C. UTERINE TUBES |
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_________ IS THE TIME FROM THE ONSET OF LABOUR TO THE COMPLETE DILATION OF THE CERVIX A. DILATION STAGE B. EXPULSION STAGE C. PLACENTAL STAGE D. GESTATION E. EFFACEMENT |
A. DILATION STAGE |
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HOW MANY SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES ARE FOUND IN THE LOBULES? A. 1-3 B. 50-100 C. 200-300 D. 500 OR MORE E. MILLIONS |
A. 1-3 |
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WHICH PART OF THE BLASTOCYST PROMOTES IMPLANTATION AND PRODUCES hCG A. EMBRYOBLAST B. EPIBLAST C. TROPHOBLAST D. BLASTOCYST ACTIVITY E. HYPOBLAST |
C. TROPHOBLAST |
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THE FOLLOWING ARE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OCCURRING DURING PREGNANCY EXCEPT A. INCREASED STROKE VOLUME B. INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT C. INCREASED TIDAL VOLUME AND MINUTE VENTILATION D. INCREASED HEART RATE AND BLOOD VOLUME E. INCREASED GI TRACT MOBILITY |
E. INCREASED GI TRACT MOBILITY |
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THE MALE URETHRA IS A PASSAGE FOR A. FAECES B. TESTOSTERONE C. MENSTRUATION D. SPERM AND URINE |
D. SPERM AND URINE |
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__________ HORMONE, SECRETED BY THE ________, CONTROLS THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES A. FSH, ANTERIOR PITUITARY B. LH, ANTERIOR PITUITARY C. GnRH, HYPOTHALAMUS D. HGH, HYPOTHALAMUS E. OESTROGENS, OVARIES |
A. FSH, ANTERIOR PITUITARY |
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THIS STRUCTURE IS COMPOSED OF THREE CYLINDRICAL MASSES OF ERECTILE TISSUE EACH SURROUNDED BY A FIBROUS TISSUE A. TESTES B. PROSTATE C. BLADDER D. PENIS E. URETHRA |
D. PENIS |
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IN PREGNANCY, LABOUR IS TRIGGERED BY A. A RISE IN PROGESTERONE LEVELS AND A DECLINE IN OESTROGEN LEVELS B. A DECLINE IN PROGESTERONE LEVELS AND A RISE IN OESTROGEN LEVELS C. DIRECT STIMULATION BY GnRH D. RANDOM OCCURRENCE AT 38 WEEKS E. A RISE IN LEVELS OF GROWTH HORMONE |
B. A DECLINE IN PROGESTERONE LEVELS AND A RISE IN OESTROGEN LEVELS
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A SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST A. IS THE INSIDE OF A BLASTOCYST B. IS THE EMBRYO STAGE A DAY AFTER THE MORULA STAGE C. SECRETES ENZYMES THAT DIGEST THE ENDOMETRIAL CELLS D. IS A DISTINCT LAYER OF CELLS THAT DEFINES THE ORIGINAL SHAPE OF THE EMBRYO E. IS FOUND IN THE YOLK SAC |
C. SECRETES ENZYMES THAT DIGEST THE ENDOMETRIAL CELLS
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THIS DEVELOPS FROM THE EPIBLAST AND CARRIES A PROTECTIVE FLUID A. CYTOTROPHOBLAST B. YOLK SAC C. EXOCOELOMIC MEMBRANE D. AMNION E. LACUNAE |
D. AMNION |
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THIS STRUCTURE LIES POSTERIOR TO THE BLADDER AND ANTERIOR TO THE RECTUM AND SECRETES AN ALKALINE FRUCTOSE-FILLED FLUID A. PROSTATE B. BULBOURETHRAL GLAND C. SEMINAL VESICLES D. SPONGY URETHRA E. PROSTATIC URETHRA |
C. SEMINAL VESICLES |
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_________ HORMONE, SECRETED BY THE ________, PRINCIPALLY CONTROLS THE OVARIAN AND UTERINE CYCLES A. FSH, ANTERIOR PITUITARY B. LH, ANTERIOR PITUITARY C. GnRH, HYPOTHALAMUS D. HGH, HYPOTHALAMUS E. OESTROGEN, OVARIES |
C. GnRH, HYPOTHALAMUS but can also be E. OESTROGEN, OVARIES |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES DOES NOT INVOLVE THE UTERUS? A. LABOUR B. MENSTRUATION C. FOETAL DEVELOPMENT D. FOLLICLE PRODUCTION |
D. FOLLICLE PRODUCTION |
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IMPLANTATION OCCURS DURING WHICH STAGE A. 12-24 HOURS AFTER OVULATION B. 30 HOURS AFTER FERTILIZATION C. 3-4 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION D. 4.5-5 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION E. ABOUT 6 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION |
E. ABOUT 6 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION
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A SURGE OF THIS HORMONE TRIGGERS OVULATION AT THE OVARY A. GnRH B. LH C. FSH D. OESTROGEN E. PROGESTERONE |
B. LH |
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THE EMBRYONIC DISC DEVELOPS THREE LAYERS KNOWN AS A. ECTODERM, PROTODERM AND CELOME B. CYTODERM, METRODERM TROPHODERM C. ECTODERM, MESODERM AND CYTODERM D. ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND CYTODERM E. ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM |
E. ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM
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THE __________ ARE LOCATED INFERIOR TO THE PROSTATE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE MEMBRANOUS URETHRA WITHIN THE DEEP MUSCLES OF THE PERINEUM A. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS B. SEMINAL VESICLES C. EJACULATORY DUCTS D. URETHRAL DUCTS E. EFFERENT DUCTS |
A. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS |
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WHAT IS PRODUCED BY THE OVARIES? A. PRIMARY OOCYTES, INSULIN AND OESTROGEN B. SECONDARY OOCYTES, PROGESTERONE AND CORTISOL C. TERTIARY OOCYTES, INSULIN AND OESTROGEN D. SECONDARY OOCYTES, OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE E. PRIMARY OOCYTES, OESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE |
D. SECONDARY OOCYTES, OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE. |
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THIS IS THE PORTION OF THE UTERUS THAT OPENS INTO THE VAGINA A. URETHRA B. CERVIX C. UTERINE TUBES D. INGUINAL CANAL E. OVARIES |
B. CERVIX |
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SPERMATOGENESIS TAKES APPROXIMATELY A. 24 HOURS B. 5-6 WEEKS C. 65-75 DAYS D. 5-6 MONTHS |
C. 65-75 DAYS |
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WHAT IS CAPACITATION? A. WHEN THE GENETIC MATERIAL FROM A HAPLOID SPERM CELL AND HAPLOID SECONDARY OOCYTE MERGE INTO A SINGLE DIPLOID NUCLEUS B. THE FIRST DIVISION OF THE ZYGOTE C. WHEN THE BLASTOCYTE LOOSELY ATTACHES TO THE ENDOMETRIUM D. A SERIES OF CHANGES IN THE SPERM THAT MAKE IT CAPABLE OF PENETRATING THE OOCYTE |
D. A SERIES OF CHANGES IN THE SPERM THAT MAKE IT CAPABLE OF PENETRATING THE OOCYTE. |
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THESE CELLS SECRETE INHIBIN A. LEYDIG CELLS B. SERTOLI CELLS C. SPERMATAGONIA D. INTERSTITIAL CELLS E. GONADOTROPH CELLS |
B. SERTOLI CELLS |
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MITOCHONDRIA ARE FOUND PREDOMINANTLY WHAT PART OF THE SPERM? A. THE HEAD B. THE TAIL C. THE MIDDLE PIECE D. THERE ARE NO MITOCHONDRIA E. THE ACROSOME |
C. THE MIDDLE PIECE |
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LEYDIG CELLS PRODUCE A. SPERM B. INHIBIN C. TESTOSTERONE D. FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE |
C. TESTOSTERONE |
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__________ IS A HORMONE THAT RELEASES MILK INTO THE MAMMARY DUCTS A. PROLACTIN B. PROLACTIN-INHIBITING HORMONE C. PROLACTIN-RELEASING HORMONE D. OXYTOCIN E. GnRH |
D. OXYTOCIN |
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A THIN MEMBRANE THAT SURROUNDS THE ENTIRE EMBRYO IS CALLED THE A. PLACENTA B. ENDODERM C. AMNION D. MESODERM |
C. AMNION |
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UTERINE CONTRACTIONS DURING LABOUR ARE STIMULATED BY A POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP INVOLVING A PITUITARY HORMONE CALLED A. VASOPRESSIN B. OXYTOCIN C. PROLACTIN D. RELAXIN E. OESTROGEN |
B. OXYTOCIN |
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HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN (HCG) IS A HORMONE SECRETED BY THE PLACENTA TO A. STIMULATE THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO RELEASE GROWTH HORMONE B. MAINTAIN FUNCTION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM UNTIL ABOUT FOUR MONTHS OF PREGNANCY C. CAUSE RAPID REGRESSION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM D. STIMULATE OVULATION E. OVERRIDE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AT THE THALAMUS |
B. MAINTAIN FUNCTION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM UNTIL ABOUT FOUR MONTHS OF PREGNANCY |
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THIS IS THE PART OF THE BLASTOCYST THAT PROMOTES IMPLANTATION AND PRODUCES hCG A. BLASTOCYTE B. BLASTOSPHERE C. TROPHOBLAST D. BLASTOCYST CAVITY E. UTERINE CAVITY |
C. TROPHOBLAST |
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FERTILISATION NORMALLY OCCURS WITHIN WHICH STRUCTURE? A. OVARY B. FALLOPIAN TUBE C. OVARIAN LIGAMENT D BODY OF UTERUS E. VAGINA |
B. FALLOPIAN TUBE |
