Human Body Systems + Homeostasis

Front 1

Endocrine system

Back 1

Hormonal glands secrete chemicals to send messages between body cells

Front 2

Excretory System

Back 2

Removes waste from the blood and regulates

fluid level (blood pressure)

chemical content of the blood

Front 3

Nervous system

Back 3

Allows the body to respond to both internal and external stimuli

Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Front 4

The endocrine and nervous systems work together to...

Back 4

regulate the functions of other body systems

Front 5

Homeostasis

Back 5

The body works to maintain a relatively constant internal env within a range despite changing external env's

Imp bc the humna nody can only survive within a narrow range of conditions

Front 6

Conditions the human body can survive in: temp, blood glucose, and blood pH

Back 6

Temp: 37 degrees

Blood glucose: 100mg/mL

Blood pH: 7.4

Front 7

Feedback system

Back 7

Mechanism for maintaining homeostasis

Front 8

3 parts of a feedback system

Back 8

Sensor, control centre, effector

Front 9

Sensor

Back 9

Part of the body that detects a change in the internal env; sends a signal to the control centre

Front 10

Control centre

Back 10

Part of the body that sets the range of values within which a variable should be maintained; receives info from sensor and sends signal to effectors if needed

Front 11

Effector

Back 11

Part of the body that responds to signals from the control centre to effect/ correct the change in a variable

Front 12

Negative feedback system

Back 12

Reverses a change in a variable

Front 13

Positive feedback system

Back 13

Change in the system is strengthened or increased

Front 14

Negative feedback loop example

Back 14

Body temperature dropping below 37 degrees causes the body to work and try to increase your body temperature.

Front 15

Positive feedback system example

Back 15

Blood clotting. Platelets begin the clotting and signal for more platelets to come as well.

Front 16

Monitor

Back 16

Sends a message (chemically, electrically, or both) to a control centre.

Front 17

Spinal cord structure

Back 17

Front 18

White Matter

Back 18

Formed from myelinated neurons

Inner region of some areas of the brain

Outer area of the spinal cord

Front 19

Myelin

Back 19

Insulation around nerves which speed up nerve impulses

Front 20

Grey matter

Back 20

Contains mostly cell bodies, dendrites, and short + unmyelinated axons

Around the outside area of the brain

Forms the H-shaped core of the spinal cord

Front 21

Spinal cord

Back 21

A column of nerve tissue that extends out of the skull from the brain and downward through a canal within the backbone

Vital communication link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system

Front 22

Brain and spinal cord are protected by... (3)

Back 22

Meninges, vertebrae, skull

Front 23

Meninges

Back 23

3 layers of tough, elastic tissue within the skull and the spinal column that directly enclose the brain and spinal cord

Front 24

Vertebrae

Back 24

Bony structure which protects the spinal cord

Front 25

Blood-brain barrier

Back 25

Protective barrier formed by glial cells and blood vessels that separates the blood from the CNS

selectively controls the entrance of substances into the brain from the blood (ex: caffeine)

Front 26

Good substances that can cross the blood-brain barrier

Back 26

Oxygen

Glucose

Nutrients

Front 27

Bad substances that can cross the blood-brain barrier

Back 27

Nicotine, caffeine, alcohol

Front 28

What cannot cross the blood brain barrier??

Back 28

Toxins and infectious angents

Front 29

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 29

Transports hormones, white blood cells, and nutrients across the blood-brain barrier to the cells of the brain and spinal cord.

Acts as a shock- absorber to cushion the brain.

Front 30

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

Back 30

Ventricles of the brain and in the central canal of the spinal cord, is associated with meninges.

Front 31

Largest part of the brain

Back 31

Cerebrum

Front 32

Neuron

Back 32

(nucleus, cell body, dendrites, axon)

Nerve cell specialized to respond to physical/ chemical stimuli

Conducts electrochemical signals~ releases chemicals that regulate body processes

Front 33

Dendrite

Back 33

Short-branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses are received

Front 34

Axon

Back 34

Long thread-like part of a nerve cell along which impulses travel

Front 35

Schwann cells

Back 35

Wraps around nerve cells, forming the myelin sheath

Front 36

Myelin

Back 36

Soft + white fatty material in the membrane of Schwann cells

Front 37

Synaptic Cleft

Back 37

Space between neurons @ a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter

Front 38

3 parts of your brain

Back 38

Reptilian, limbic, neocortex

Front 39

Reptilian part of your brain

Back 39

Brain stem, back of brain

Very old- 300 million yrs old

Instinctive brain

Functions: feeding, flight, fight, reproduction- OVERALL it's needed for SURVIVAL

Front 40

Limbic part of your brain

Back 40

100 m yrs old

Emotional part and short term memory

Works best when you socialize, never isolate yourself or your brain will not work properly

We learn best when we learn with passion-- limbic connects w neocortex

Front 41

Components of the limbic part of your brain

Back 41

Amygdala: emotion centre

Hippocampus: short term memory, info stored here first

Front 42

Neocortex

Back 42

Top of brain

4 mill yrs old

Largest part, INTELLECT

Used to UNDERSTAND

Long term memory, planning and predicting, reasonable and rational decisions, free will, creativity, imagination

Front 43

Temporal lobe function

Back 43

Shares in processing visual info

AUDITORY RECEPTION

Front 44

Parietal lobe function

Back 44

Receives and processes sensory info from skin

Helps process info about body's position + orientation

Front 45

Occipital lobe function

Back 45

Receives and analyzes visual info

Visual recognition

Front 46

Frontal lobe function

Back 46

Integrates info from other parts of the brain

Front 47

Central Nervous system

Back 47

Brain + spinal cord

Integrates and processes info

Front 48

Peripheral NS

Back 48

Involves nerves

Sends sensory info to CNS

Receives motor info from CNS

Subdivided into somatic and autonomic NS

Front 49

Somatic NS

Back 49

voluntary movement

Front 50

Autonomic NS

Back 50

Involuntary control (controls muscle contractions)

Front 51

Neurons

Back 51

Receive physical/chemical stimuli, conduct electrochemical signals, and release chemicals to regulate processes in the body

Front 52

Glial cells surround neurons to:

Back 52

Nourish neurons

Remove their wastes

Defend against infection

Provide a supporting framework for all the NS tissue

Front 53

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS often work in opposition of each other ...

Back 53

to regulate involuntary processes of the body

Front 54

Neuron Diagram

Back 54

Front 55

Dendrite

Back 55

Short branching terminals that receive nerve impulses from other neurons or sensory receptors

Send impulses to the cell body

Front 56

Cell body

Back 56

Contains nucleus

Transmits a signal through the axon IF the signal from the dendrites is strong enough

Front 57

Axon

Back 57

Conducts impulses

Front 58

3 functions of neurons

Back 58

Sensory, Integration, Motor output

Front 59

Sensory neurons (PNS)

Back 59

receive stimuli from SENSORY receptors

Front 60

Integration neurons (CNS)

Back 60

Receive signals from the sensory neurons

Send signals to motor neurons

Front 61

Motor output neurons (PNS)

Back 61

Receive signals from the interneurons to signal effectors to respond (muscles/ glands/ organs)

Front 62

Reflex arc

Back 62

Responsible for reflexes

Simple connection of neurons that results in a reflex action in response to a stimulus

Involves neurons to signal from the SKIN RECEPTORS ---> sensory neurons ---> spinal interneuron (which signals motor neurons to react)

Front 63

Action potential

Back 63

In an axon, the change in the charge that occurs when the gates of the K+ channels close and the gates of the Na+ channels open after a wave of depolarization is triggered

Front 64

A nerve impulse consists of...

Back 64

A series of action potentials

Front 65

How does one action potential stimulate another?

Back 65

Nodes of Ranvier contain enough voltage-gated sodium channels to depolarize the membrane and elicit an ACTION POTENTIAL

Front 66

Urine (3)

Back 66

Waste from your blood

Water

Urea

Front 67

Nephron

Back 67

Filters within kidney, more than a million within the renal cortex

Front 68

Which molecules do not pass through the Bowman's Capsule?

Back 68

Rbc

Wbc

Proteins

Large molecules

Front 69

Blood flows _______ efferent arteriole

Back 69

Out of

Front 70

Blood flow ___ afferent arteriole

Back 70

Into

Front 71

Which substances carry on through the collecting duct?

Back 71

Urea, H2O, K+, Na+, uric acid, HCO3 -, CL -

Front 72

___ & ____ diffuse out of the loop of Henle

Back 72

Na+ and H2O

Front 73

Permeability of the distal tube is controlled by...

Back 73

ADH= anti-diuretic hormone

Front 74

If H2O in a nephron is low, ____is high.

Back 74

reabsorption

Front 75

Diuretic examples

Back 75

Alcohol

caffeine

Front 76

Glomerelus

Back 76

Bundle of capillaries

FILTRATION

Front 77

From the collecting duct, waste goes...

Back 77

Urine---> urinal pelvis

Ureter---> bladder

Front 78

Stuff from glomerelus ---> Bowman's Capsule

Back 78

Forced filtration

Front 79

Bowman's Capsule

Back 79

Plasma w dissolves solutes diffuses and is passed on to tubule

FILTRATION

Front 80

Proximal Tubule

Back 80

REABSORPTION

Active transport pumps glucose, sodium, and amino acids back onto capillaries: most urea stays inside tubule

Front 81

Henle's loop

Back 81

+ [H2O] inside tubule than blood

REABSORPTION

Front 82

Distal tubule

Back 82

REABSORPTION

Final adjustment of H2O +solutes

Permeability controlled by anti-diuretics

Front 83

Collecting duct

Back 83

SECRETION

Ammonia + K move from capillary network into duct by active transport

REABSORPTION: H2O moves by osmosis from duct into surrounding blood

Front 84

Urinary System Diagram

Back 84

Front 85

Adrenal Medulla Hormone

Back 85

Secretes Epinephrine + Norepinephrine

Fight or flight hormones

Front 86

Ovaries produce which hormone?

Back 86

Estrogen- stimulates uterine lining growth and promotes development of the female 2ndary sexual characteristics

Progesterone- promotes growth of the uterine lining and prevents uterine muscle contractions

Front 87

Testes produce which hormone?

Back 87

Testosterone- promotes sperm formation and development of the male 2ndary sexual characteristics