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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homestatis |
Bodies ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose the change, maintaining a relatively stable environment |
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3 components of homeostatic control system |
Receptor integrating centre effector |
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homeostatic mechanisms controlled by negative fedback |
sweat glands BGL temperature pH levels HR RR |
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divides left and right side of body |
saggitas |
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divides anterior and prosterior |
frontal |
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divides superior and inferior |
transverse |
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what is found in the cortex |
cortical nephrons |
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what is found in the medulla |
juxtamedullary nephron, LOH, collecting ducts |
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what is found in the papilla/ pelvis (kidney) |
urine released into the minor calyx then major calyx then renal pelvis |
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Role of juxtamedullary nephrons |
Work with collecting ducts and ADH to concentrate urine |
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Normal constitute of Urine |
95% water bicarb nitrogen electrolytes wastes |
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How much urine can a bladder hold? |
800-1000ml |
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UA |
uric acid |
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HCO3 |
Bicarbonate |
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ways water exits the body |
insensible - through skin & lungs Feacal Urine vapour - respiration |
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Odema |
Build up of fluid in tissue Fluid leaving capillaries is greater than total amount being reabsorbed by blood capillaries & lymphatics |
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What is pH |
the concentration of hydrogen measurement of alkaline or acidity |
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enteron |
small inestine |
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Gloss/o |
tounge |
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emesis |
vomit |
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cholecyst/o |
Gall bladder |
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3 structures food mechanically digests |
oral cavity - mastication stomach - churning Duodenum - segmentation |
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4 structures where digestive enzymes are produced |
stomach - break down protein with pepsin Saliva enemais Pancreas micro villi - final breakdown of food |
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Final breakdown products of deigestion |
PROTEIN - amino acids CARBOHYDRATE - monosachorides (i.e glucose and fructose) FAT - fatty acid and glycrol |
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euponea |
normal breathing |
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pneuma |
air |
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bronch |
pertaining to the bronchus |
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haemoptysis |
coughing up blood |
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epitaxis |
nose bleed |
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pneumothorax |
air in the chest |
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How to assess breathing |
visually, feeling, depth, pace, colour, sound, rate, rhythm, effort, o2 sat |
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Importance of plurae membrane |
serouses fluid = allowing lungs to glide over thorax during visceral & parietal cling together |
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Skelet |
dried up |
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Fossa |
Shallow cavity in the bone |
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myel/o |
bone marrow |
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physis |
growth |
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Hormone released from thyroid gland in response to rising calcium levels in blood |
calcitionin |
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What's the importance of calcium |
blood clotting nerve impulse muscle contraction Vital in many organs |
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4 main structures of a synovial joint |
-Hyaline (articular) cartilage - on bone ends - Fibrous articular capsule - encloses joint - Joint cavity filled with fluid - Ligaments - dense connective tissue |
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Why is it harder to dislocate the femur from the pelvis than the humerus to scapula? |
Hip has more muscles, more ligaments, it is a stronger and deeper cavity the shoulder is more flexible |
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poieses |
making of |
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erythrocyte |
transports oxygen 100-200 days |
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Neutrophil (granulocyte) |
phagocytosis of bacteria 6 hrs - few days |
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Basophil (granulocyte) |
Releases histamine in inflammatory response. Heparin the anticoagulant hrs - few days |
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Eosinophil (granulocyte) |
large pathogens (worms), destroys antigen/ antibody complexes (allergy) 8-12 days |
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Lymphocyte (agranulocyte) |
immune response hrs-decades |
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monocyte (agranulocyte) |
develops into macrophages, destroys dead or dying host/foreign cells months |
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platelets |
haemostasis 5-6 days |
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3 Stages of haemostatis |
vascular spasm platelet plug coagulation |
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1 miner & fat soluble needed for blood clotting |
vitamin k calcium |
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functions of the liver |
storage (glucose reserve) BGL homoeostasis Blood reservoir (iron storage) inactivation of toxins synthesis of plasma proteins (clotting factors) synthesis of cholesterol breakdown of RBC calcidial (inactive vitamin D) breakdown glycogen |
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Peyers patch |
collection of lymphatic tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine |
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Jejenum |
major organ responsible for the absorbtion of nutrients |
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stomach |
organ which digestion begins |
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Funtions of lungs |
produce angiotensin (ACE) which initiates the formation of angiotensin II - a potent vaso constrictor |
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residual volume 1200mls |
volume of air present in lungs after forceful expiration (1200mls) |
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Tidal volume 500mls |
volume that is breathed in/out during a normal respiration (500mls) |
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Inspiratory reserve 3100ml |
Volume of air that can be inspired forcibly (3100mls) |
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Anatomical dead space 150ml |
volume of air that does not reach the alveoli (150mls) |
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Vital capacity 4800mls |
volume of air corresponding to TV, IRV, ERV 4800 |
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The Phrenic nerve |
stimulates to contract |
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Plasma membrane |
double layer of lipids with protein molecules in it |
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centriole |
has role in cell division |
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Fibroblasts |
make protein fibres, most connecting tissue (collagen) secreting collagen |
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Macrophage |
full of LYSOSOMES to digest pathogens and debris |
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RBC |
Full of haemoglobin (attaches to oxygen) no room for organelles |
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soma |
body |
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reticulum |
network |
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4 primary tissue types |
epithelium connective nervous muscle |
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5 main connective tissue trypes |
loose dense bone blood cartilage |
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where can you find simple squamos cells |
lungs, aveolar |
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where - simple cuboidal |
kidneys (nephron) |
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where - simple columnar |
stomach |
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Cilliated pseudostratfied columnar |
trachea |
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stratified squamos |
oesophagus |
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transitional |
bladder |
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Tonocity |
the ability for a solution to cause a cell to shrink or expand |
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Exocytosis |
P.T in which a solute binds a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side |
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Active transport |
energy is delivered from ATP to pump a substance across a cellular membrane against it's concentration gradient |
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microvillus |
extensions of the plasma membrane to increase surface area |
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ribosome |
synthesis of protiens |
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gogli apparatus |
modifies proteins and lipids for export |
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secretary vessel |
transports products (proteins) |
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lysosomes |
contains acidic digestive enzymes (pathogen & debris) |
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Mitochondrian |
synthesis ATP |
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cytoskeleton |
proteins organised as microfilaments, microtubles or intermediate filaments i.e myosin, keratin |
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cytoplasm |
cellular materials in the cell |
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nucleus |
control centre, contains DNA |
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endoplasmic reticulum |
membranous network smooth or rough (ribsosomes) |
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When would you administer hypertonic solution? |
cerebral oedema (raised intracranial pressure) |
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Integumentary |
skin, hair, nails |
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skeletal |
bones, cartilage, ligaments |
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muscular |
skeletal muscles |
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nervous |
brain, spinal chord, nervous system |
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endocrine |
multiple glands, tissues |
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cardivascular |
heart and blood vessels |
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lymphatic |
lypmh nodes, organs and tissues |
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gastrointestinal/ digestive |
stomach, intestines, accessory organs |
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Renal Urinary |
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
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reproductive |
ovaries, urterine tubes, testes, penis |
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dermat/o |
covering |
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why can skin regenerate after injury |
stem cells in the stratum basle creating mesenchyme cells that become fibroblasts |
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epidermis |
a vascular region |
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stratum corneum |
dead cells |
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keratinocytes |
cell that produces fibrous protein keratin |
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desmosomes |
connect epidermal & keratinocytes |
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Keratin |
fibrous protein that makes the dermis tough |
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stratum granulosum |
glycolipid waterproofing layer of the epidermis |
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stratum basle |
contains epidermal stem cells (cell division) |
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collagen |
fibrous protein, makes dermis tough and leathery |
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papillary layer |
the more superficial dermis layer - loose connective |
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reticular layer |
major skin area, dense connective tissue, vascular |
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melanocytes |
spider like cells that produce meanin |
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Dendritic |
phagocytic cells in the epidermis |
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how does skin waterproof |
produces sebum from sebaceous glands waterproofing glycolipid from stratumgranulosum |
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components of sweat |
water chloride ammonia |
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why might someone be anaemic |
no erythropoietin |
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why do we give IV meds? |
BY PASS LIVER, quick effect, lrg volume, |
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how can lack of vitamin K be linked to nose bleeds |
liver uses V K to make clotting factors prothrombin thus stop blood clotting |
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where is your heart |
underneath the sternum a little to the left, hearts apex pointing towards left hip. located just above the diaphragm |
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size of heart |
size of fist |
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heart supply blood to itself, why? |
It's a hard working organ that is supplying the body with oxygen & mitochondria with ATP to sustain strenuous workload |
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cardiac output |
blood pushed from ventricles to body, amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute |
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two components of cardiac output |
stroke volume heart rate |
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consequences of a faulty mitral valve? |
pulmonary oedema blood back into atrium & possibly lungs |
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systolic and diastolic pressure |
- ventricular contraction of the heart chambers, the peak arterial blood pressure measured during ventricular systole - when the heart chambers fill with blood during ventricular relaxation |
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2 main muscles - respiration |
intarcostals / diaphragm |
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if membrane not stuck to thorax |
atelectasis (lung collapse) pneumothorax |
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how much of the blood is filtered in the kidneys is reabsorbed? |
99% 1% excreted as urine |
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the 4 steps to urine formation |
glomereal filtration tubular reabsorbtion tubular excretion water conservation |
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Renin |
ENZYME that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
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ADH |
Hormone that causes water retention |
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Angiotensin II |
hormone that cause vasoconstriction to raise BP |
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maximum volume a bladder can hold |
800-1000ml |
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How do kidneys restore blood pH? |
tubular reabsorbtion or secretion oh hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions from urine makes more ^^ than what is required |
