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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Cell Theory |
1. a cell is the basic unit of life (noting smaller than a cell is considered to be alive) 2. all living organisms are made up of cells (both single cellular and multicellular) 3. new cells arise only from preexisting cells (only living things can generate more living things) |
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Cell Size (Surface area to Volume ratio of cells) explain how it limits cell size |
Nutrients enter a cell and waste exists a cell at its surface. Therefore, the greater the amount of surface, the greater the ability to get material into and out of the cell. Large cells require more nutrients and produces more waste than a small cell. as cells become smaller in volume, their surface area actually increases. |
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Microscopy |
there are different types of microscopes that allow different results in high quality viewing and resolution... |
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Cell |
The basic unit of life |
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Cells are organized into... |
Tissues |
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What 2 categories are cells organized into? |
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes |
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Prokaryotic Cells |
lack a nucleus and have 2 types of bacteria 1.eubacteria 2.archaebacteria they have DNA, Cytoplasm, and a Plasma Membrane first cells to evolve Can be found in the most inhospitable places like thermal vents and salty seas. They have adapted to the earth for many generations |
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Eukaryotic cells |
have a nucleus evolved from Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic organelles were engulfed then evolved instead of digested during a process called endosymbiosis |
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Plasma Membrane and its function |
both types of cells contain this. it is an outer membrane that regulates what enters and exists a cell. Phospholipid bilayer or "sandwich" and is "selectively permeable meaning that it only allows certain molecules to enter the the cell. Function- isolates the interior of the cell from the external environment |
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Cytoplasm |
a semifluid medium that contains water and various types of molecules suspended or dissolved in the medium. |
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Organelles |
found in the cytoplasm, sub cellular structure that contains internal compounds with specialized functions. they allow for the compartmentalization of cells. |
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Diffusion |
random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until they are distributed equally. It is a passive way for molecules to enter and exit the cell. No cellular energy is required. |
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Osmosis |
the net movement of water across a semi-permiable membrane. The direction by which water will diffuse can also be determined by the tonicity (dissolved particles and solutes) |
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Osmotic pressure |
controls water pressure in our bodies |
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Facilitated Transport |
a molecule is transported across the plasma membrane from the side of higher concentration to the side of lower concentration. Type 2 diabetes results when cells "without help" |
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Active Transport |
a molecule is moving from a lower place of concentration to a higher concentration. "with help" Proteins and ATP are involved |
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Endocytosis |
a portion of the plasma membrane forms a pouch to envelop a substance and fluid. Then, the membrane pinches off to form a vesicle inside the cell. (within)
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Exocytosis |
a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs (exits) |
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Phagocytosis |
cell eating |
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Nucleus |
a prominent structure in eukaryotic cells that stores genetic information |
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Nucleoli |
Dark regions that are sites of production of rRna and ribosomal subunits found in the nuleus. |
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Chromatin |
the combination of DNA molecules and protiens that make up chromosomes, the structures that transmit genetic info from one generation to the next. |
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Ribosomes |
organelles composed of proteins and rRna. protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes |
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The Endomembrane System |
consists of the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles (tiny membraneous sacs). The vesicles transport molecules from one part of the system to another |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
has 2 portions. ROUGH- studded with ribosomes and SMOOTH-does not have attached ribosomes (produces testosterone, detoxifies drugs in the liver) |
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Golgi Apparatus |
sack of slightly curved saccades whose appearance can be compared to a sack of pancakes. Proteins and lipids received from the ER are modified. For example, a chain of sugars may be added to them. |
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Lysosomes
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membranous cellular organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. Numerous in white blood cells that engulf disease causing microbes.
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Cytoskeleton
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helps maintain a cells shape and either anchors the organelles or assists in their movement as appropriate.
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Microtubules
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found in the cytoskeleton. Larger than actin fillaments. Each is a cylinder that contains rows of a protein called tubulin. HELP MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF A CELL
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Actin filaments
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long, exteremely thin fibers that usually occur in bundles or other groupings. they are involved in movement
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Intermediate filaments
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intermediate in size between microtubules and actin filaments. Their structure and function differ according to the type of cell
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Cilia
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many like in your digestive tract, help to clean/move things can move an egg along the uterine tube
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Flagella
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contains shaft and plasma membrane like in the tail of the sperm (only one)
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Metabolism
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includes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. Often, metabolism requires metabolic pathways and is carried out by enzymes arranged in cells.
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Metabolic Pathways
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highly regulated by the cell.
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Enzymes
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highly metabolic assistants that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. The reaction that participates in the reaction is called the enzymes substrates(s)
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Action of an enzyme
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an enzyme has an active site where the substrates and enzyme fit together in such a way that the substrates are oriented to react. Following the reaction, the products are released and the enzyme is free to act again. Some enzymes carry out degradation, in which the substrate is broken down to smaller products. Other enzymes carry out synthesis, in which the substrates are combined to produce a larger product.
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Coenzymes
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non-protein molecules that assist the activity of an enzyme and may even accept or contribute atoms to the reaction
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Mitochondria
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the POWER HOUSE of a cell. they convert the chemical energy of glucose products into the energy of ATP products
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Cellular respiration 3 pathways involved Page 62 |
the producing of ATP. breaksdown glucose to carbon dioxide and water. 1.glycolysis- sugar splitting, anaerobic 2.citric acid cycle-complete breakdown of glucose (KREBS) 3.Electron transport chain- NADH molecules from steps 1 and 2 deliver electrons to the Electron transport chain used for atp production. aerobic |
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END OF CHAPTER 3
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YAY!!!
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Tissue |
composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function in the body |
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what are the 4 types of tissues and what do they do? |
Connective-binds and supports body parts Muscular-moves the body and its parts Nervous-recieves sensory information and conducts nerve impulses Epithelial-covers body surfaces and lines body cavities |
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Collagen fibers |
a protein that gives fibers flexibility and strength |
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Reticular fibers |
very thin collagen fibers, highly branched proteins that form delicate supporting networks. |
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Elastic fibers |
contain elastin, a protein that is not as strong as collagen but is more elastic. they return to their original shape, and may stretch over 100 times their relaxed size without damage |
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loose fibrous connective tissue |
present in lungs, arteries, and the urinary bladder. it allows these organs to expand. it forms a protective covering enclosing many internal organs, such as muscles, blood vessels, and nerves |
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Adipose tissue |
loose connective tissue. Cells enlarge and store fat. its cells, which are called adipocytes are crowded and each are filled with liquid fat |
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Dense fibrous connective tissue Pg 70 |
contains many collagen fibers packed together. this type of tissue has more specific functions than does loose connective tissue. It is found in tendons which connect muscles to ligaments which connect bones to joints. |
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2 forms of fibrous tissue |
dense and loose |
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Matrix |
contains ground substance and fibers |
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2 main types of connective tissue |
bone and cartilage |
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Lacunae |
small chamber in which a cartilage or bone would lie |
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Hyaline cartilage |
the most common type of cartilage, contains only fine collagen fibers. The matrix has a glassy, translucent appearance. found in the nose and at the ends of long bones and ribs, and it forms rings in the walls of respiratory passages. fetal skeleton is also made of this and replaced by bone |
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Elastic cartilage |
has more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage does. For this reason, it is more flexible and is found in the framework of the outer ear |
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Fibrocartilage |
has a matrix containing strong collagen fibers, is found in structures that withstand tension and pressure such as the disks between the vertebrae in the backbone and the cushions in the knee joint |
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Compact Bone |
makes up the shaft of a long bone. consists of cylindrical structural units called osteons. the central canal of each osteon is surrounded by rings of hard matrix |
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Spongy Bone |
appears as an open, bony latticework with numerous bony bars and plates, separated by irregular spaces. Although lighter than compact bone, spongy bone is still designed for strength. |
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Interstitial fluid |
bathes the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes |
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red blood cells |
small, biconcave, disk shaped cells without nuclei. The presence of hemoglobin is what makes the cells appear red in color |
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white blood cells |
have a nucleus unlike red blood cells. involved in keeping the body protected from infection. respond to foreign invaders |
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platelets (thrombocytes) |
not complete cells. fragments of giant cells present only in bone marrow. when a blood vessel is damaged, platelets form a plug that seals the vessel, and the injured tissues release molecules that help the clotting process |
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fibroblast |
major type of cell found in fibrous tissue |
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axon |
conducts impulses away from the neuron |
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cell body |
contains the nucleus |
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dendrite |
receives signals from sensory receptors or other neurons |
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order of tissues |
cells tissues organs organ systems |
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the skin belongs to what system? |
integumentary |
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types of connective tissue |
pg 72 |
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Skeletal Muscle pg 73 |
under voluntary control attached to skeleton |
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Smooth Muscle pg 73 |
found in the walls of visceral organs such as the intestines and bladder |
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Cardiac Muscle pg 73 |
involuntary functions in pumping blood occurs in the walls of the heart |
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nervous tissue |
consists of nerve cells called neurons and neuroglia, the cells that support and nourish the neurons |
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body can be divided into 2 cavities |
ventral and dorsal |
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organ |
2 or more tissues that work together for a specific function |
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blood |
contains plasma and formed elements |
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platelet |
fragment of a cell rather than a whole cell |
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squamos epithelium PG 76 |
tissue made of flattened cells found lining the air sacs of lungs and walls of blood vessels |
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cuboidal epithelium pg 76 |
single layer of cube shaped cells. this is found in glands, such as the salivary glands and thyroid, and pancreas. also can cover ovaries and line kidney tubules |
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nails |
the protective coverings of the distal part of the fingers and toes |
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arrector pili muscles |
cause hairs to stand up |
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bone |
the rigid connective tissue that consists of hard matrix of inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers |
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columnar epithelium pg 76 |
has cells resembling rectangular pillars or columns, with nuclei usually located near the bottom of each cell. this lines the digestive tract, where microvilli expand the surface area and aid in absorbing products |
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium pg 76 |
"false layers" found in the lining of the windpipe or trachea sweeps impurities toward the throat |
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skin |
an organ comprising all 4 tissues |
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organ system |
contains many different organs that cooperate to carry out a process such as the digestion of food |
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integumentary system pg 78 |
hair nails skin sweat glands and sebaceous glands skin is the largest system because it covers the entire body |
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subcutaneous layer |
aka hypodermis is found between the skin and any underlying structures such as muscle or bone |
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skin or epidermis pg 78 picture on 79 |
made up of stratified squamous epithelium. |
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Melanocytes |
lying deep in the epidermis, they produce melanin, the main pigment responsible for skin color |
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dermis |
pg 80 a region of dense fibrous tissue beneath the epidermis |
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hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands |
pg 81 |
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cardiovascular system pg 83 pg 93 |
transport system for nutrients, waste provides temp and pH, and fluid homeostasis Organ: heart heart pumps blood blood vessels- blood flow transport protect regulate |
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lymphatic and immune systems 83 |
defends against infectious diseases provide fluid homeostasis assists in absorption and transport of fats Organs: lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen |
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digestive system 83 |
ingests, digests, and processes food absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste involved in fluid homeostasis Organs: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
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respiratory system 83 |
exchanges gases at both lungs and tissues assists in pH homeostasis Organs: Lungs |
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urinary system 83 |
excretes metabolic wastes provides pH and fluids homeostasis Organs: kidneys, urinary bladder |
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skeletal system |
provides support and protection assists in movement stores minerals produces blood cells Organs: bones |
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muscular system |
assits in movement and posture produces heat Organs: muscles |
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nervous system |
receives, processes, and stores sensory input provides motor output coordinates organ systems ORgans: brain, spinal chord |
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endocrine system |
produces hormones coordinates organ systems regulates metabolism and stress responses involved in fluid and pH homeostasis Organs: testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, ancreas, thymus, thyroid, pinal gland |
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reproductive system |
produces and transports gametes nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females organs: testes, penis, ovaries, vagina |
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body membranes |
pg 84 |
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body system function picture |
pg 86 |
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negative feedback mechanisms pic |
pg 87 |
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body temp by homeostasis pic |
pg 88 |
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END OF CHAPTER 4 |
YAY!! |
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artery |
blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart. |
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arterioles |
small arteries barley visible to the naked eye. middle layer has some elastic tissue. it is composed of mostly smooth muscle |
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3 types of blood vessels |
arteries- transport blood away from the heart veins- control blood pressure (smooth muscle) capillaries- the smallest of blood vessels- exchange of cells and materials trough adaptation |
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venules |
small veins that drain blood from the capillaries and then join to form a vien |
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heart pg 95 |
major cone shaped muscular organ located directly behind the sternum tilted behind apex mostly to the left beats about 70 times per minute |
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septum |
separates the heart into a right and left side |
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4 chambers of the heart picture on pg 96 |
2 uper thin walled atria (r and l) 2 lower thick walled ventricles (r and l) |
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arteries |
feed into smaller vessels called arterioles (made up of mostly smooth muscle) |
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vena cava |
superior and inferior both carry oxygen poor blood from body to the right atrium. oxygen enters the blood, carbon dioxide waste is excreted from the body |
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ALL THINGS HEART |
pg 96 and 97 |
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right ventricle |
sends blood to the lungs |
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left ventricle |
sends blood to the body |
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pulmonary circuit |
blood vessels involved with blood flow to and from the lungs |
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AEDand ECG |
pg 99 |
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aorta |
largest |
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passage of blood through the heart |
pg 97 vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pul veins, aorta, starts over |
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systole |
the working phase refers to contraction of the chambers |
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diastole |
the resting phases, refers to relaxation of the chambers |
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blood pressure 100 and 101 |
systolic pressue- reached during ejection of blood from the heart diastolic pressure-occurs while heart ventricles are relaxing |
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tracing the path of blood pic on page 103 |
left ventricle to aorta to common iliac artery to femoral artery to lower leg capillaries to lower leg veins, to femoral veins to common iliac vein to inferior vena cava to right atrium |
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atheroscelerosis |
caused by lesions, or plaques on the inside of blood vessels. plaques narrow the diameter of the blood vessels causing the blood a hard time to pass through and continue to build up and clot |
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thromboembolism |
a clot first carried in the bloodstream that then becomes completely stationary when it lodges in a small blood vessel |
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stroke |
when a small cranial arteriole bursts or is booked by embolus. lack of oxygen causes a portion of the brain to die |
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heart attack |
portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen |
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aneurysm |
ballooning of a blood vessel if it occurs in a major vessel like the aorta, most commonly death will occur |
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clogged arteries |
pg 108 and 109 |
