Human Biology Final Exam Vocabulary List

Front 1

Bile

Back 1

Mixture of bile salts, water, pigments, cholesterol and lecithin produced in liver and stored in gall bladder. Emulsifies fats for absorption in small intestine

Front 2

Brush Border

Back 2

Microvilli on surface of small intestine epithelial cells. Provide a huge surface area for nutrient absorption

Front 3

Chylomicron

Back 3

Triglycerides bound to proteins that are exocytosed from intestinal epithelial cells and picked up by lymphatic vessels

Front 4

Chyme

Back 4

Semiliquid mass of partially digested food. Released from stomach into duodenum of small intestine.

Front 5

Colon

Back 5

Most of the large intestine. Absorbs most of the remaining water and nutrients in food passing through. Stores waste until it can be eliminated

Front 6

Crown

Back 6

Part of tooth visible above the gum line

Front 7

Enamel

Back 7

Made of calcium deposits. Covers surface of teeth. Hardest substance in the human body.

Front 8

Gingiva

Back 8

gums

Front 9

Hepatic Portal System

Back 9

System of blood vessels connecting the digestive organs to the liver

Front 10

Liver

Back 10

organ that produces bile and serves a number of other metabolic and regulatory functions

Front 11

Micelle

Back 11

Small droplet of bile salts and lecithin with fatty acids and monoglycerides from food. Provide a means for lipids to be absorbed in small intestine

Front 12

Pancreas

Back 12

Organ located behind stomach. Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine. Also makes insulin and glucagon

Front 13

Peristalsis

Back 13

Progressive wavelike contractions of muscle in a tubular structure. Moves food through digestive tract

Front 14

Root

Back 14

Part of tooth below the gum line

Front 15

Saliva

Back 15

Liquid that helps digest food in mouth via amylase and binds food into a bolus with mucins. Made in salivary glands located at the back of the mouth (Parotid gland) and under the tongue (Sublingual and submandibular glands).

Front 16

Small Intestine

Back 16

Primary organ of digestion and nutrient absorption. Three main regions

Front 17

Duodenum

Back 17

The first part of small intestine. Receives chyme from stomach through the pyloric sphincter. Receives many digestive enzymes from liver and pancreas

Front 18

Ileum + Jejunum

Back 18

Rest of small intestine. Primary site of nutrient absorption

Front 19

Sphincter

Back 19

Ring of muscle around a hollow tube or duct that functions to restrict passage of materials

Front 20

Stomach

Back 20

Gastrointestinal tract organ where food is initially stored and where digestion begins

Front 21

Serosa

Back 21

Outer layer of connective tissue

Front 22

Muscularis

Back 22

Smooth muscle layers below serosa that move stomach to aid in digestion

Front 23

Submucosa

Back 23

Contains nerves in stomach that control digestion

Front 24

Mucosa

Back 24

Glandular epithelium that faces inside of stomach. Produces Gastric Fluid - a mixture of mucus, Hydrochloric Acid and Pepsinogen that helps digest food and kills pathogens

Front 25

Bladder

Back 25

stores urine to be excreted

Front 26

Kidneys

Back 26

produce urine. Remove excess water and waste solutes. Also perform several important metabolic functions.

Front 27

Nephron

Back 27

Structural and functional unit of the kidney. Consists of the renal tubule and the blood vessels that supply it. Are about 1 million/kidney.

Front 28

Glomerulus

Back 28

Cluster of capillaries inside glomerular capsule. Filtrate begins process of urine formation

Front 29

Proximal Tubule

Back 29

starts at glomerulus and ends at renal medulla. Site of most tubular reabsorption in kidney

Front 30

Loop of Henle

Back 30

Hairpin shaped loop that extends into the medulla – consists of descending and ascending loops.

Front 31

Distal Tubule

Back 31

portion of tubule after loop of Henle passes glomerulus. Main site of tubular secretion.

Front 32

Collecting Duct

Back 32

connects nephrons to renal pelvis, where urine is deposited before going to bladder

Front 33

Afferent Arteriole

Back 33

enters and forms capillaries of glomerulus. Plasma from these capillaries begins process of urine formation

Front 34

Efferent Arteriole

Back 34

filtered blood away from glomerulus

Front 35

Peritubular Capillaries

Back 35

Surround nephron tubules and remove excess water and solutes

Front 36

Vasa Recta

Back 36

vessels that supply the Loop of Henle and collecting duct

Front 37

Ureter

Back 37

One of two tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 38

Urethra

Back 38

Tube through which urine passes from the bladder out of the body.

Front 39

Acrosome

Back 39

Head of sperm cell. Contains enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate egg

Front 40

Corpus Luteum

Back 40

Structure that develops from cells of a ruptured ovarian follicle. Secretes progesterone and estrogen. Degenerates if the released egg is not fertilized

Front 41

Fertilization

Back 41

Union of sperm and egg creating a zygote

Front 42

Follicle

Back 42

Ovarian structure consisting of a developing egg surrounded by one or more layers of supporting granulose cells

Front 43

Gametes

Back 43

Haploid germ cells. Egg and sperm

Front 44

Inner Cell Mass

Back 44

Cluster of cells in zygote that become the embryo. Other cells become the extraembryonic membranes.

Front 45

Oocyte

Back 45

Immature egg in female ovary or a newly released egg. Passes on female DNA to offspring.

Front 46

Oogenesis

Back 46

process of making oocytes

Front 47

Primary Germ layers

Back 47

Three cell layers that form all of the tissues of organism

Front 48

Ectoderm

Back 48

Forms skin and its derivatives, and the nervous system

Front 49

Mesoderm

Back 49

Forms the skeleton and muscles

Front 50

Endoderm

Back 50

Forms lining of digestive tube and some internal organs

Front 51

Sperm

Back 51

Male reproductive cell. Passes on male DNA to offspring

Front 52

Spermatogenesis

Back 52

Process of making sperm cells

Front 53

Stem Cell

Back 53

Cells that have not yet differentiated. Can reproduce indefinitely and form one or more types of cells

Front 54

Zygote

Back 54

Diploid cell formed by union of sperm and egg