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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 6 most abundant elements in living organisms?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur
Name and describe the three parts of an atom.
1. Proton: positively charged
2. Neutron: neutral charge
3. Electron: negatively charged
How many electrons in the inner shell to make it stable?
2
How many electrons in the next shell to make it stable?
8
What is an ion?
An atom with a charge.
What are the three most important molecules?
1. O2 (oxygen)
2. CO2, (carbon dioxide)
3. H20 (water)
Name and describe the three types of bonds.
1. Ionic bond: transfer of electrons; strong

2. Covalent bond: sharing of electrons; strong

3. Hydrogen bond: weak
What does polar mean?
Some sort of charge (i.e. positive or negative)
What are the three special properties of water?
1. Absorbs lots of energy before boiling or vaporizing
2. Flows through tubes
3. It is a solvent--facilitates chemical reactions
What does hydrophilic mean and what type of molecules are hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic means water loving. Polar molecules are hydrophilic.
What does hydrophobic mean and what type of molecules are hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic molecules do not like water. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic.
What does pH measure? What numbers are acidic and what numbers are basic?
The concentration of H+ in a solution.

pH less than 7 is acidic.
pH greater than 7 is basic.
What is the function of a carbohydrate?
Immediate energy.
What is a monosaccharide and what are two examples?
A simple sugar with 5 or 6 carbons.

Ribose: 5 carbons
Glucose: 6 carbons
What is a disaccharide and what are two examples?
Two simple sugars linked together.

Sucrose: cane or beet sugar
Lactose: milk sugar
What is a polysaccharide and what are three types?
Polysaccharides are the storage form of glucose.

Starch: found in plants
Cellulose: also found in plants but humans can't digest it (dietary fiber)
Glycogen: Found in animals
What are the three main elements that make up lipids?
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
What are the two main types of lipids?
1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
What is the function of lipids?
Long-term energy storage.
What are the two components of a fat?
1. Fatty acid
2. Glycerol
What are the three types of fats?
1. Saturated: single carbon bond
2. Unsaturated: double carbon bond
3. Trans
What are the components of a phospholipid and what is its structure?
Made up of a polar head and non-polar tails.

Same make-up as a fat except one fatty acid is replaced with a polar phosphate group.
What are the functions of proteins?
Support, metabolism, muscles, motion, defense, enzymes
What are the four components of a protein?
1. Hydrogen atom
2. An amino group
3. An acid group
4. R group
What three factors affect enzyme activity?
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Substrate concentration
What is the function of nucleic acids?
They hold genetic information; DNA and RNA.
What are nucleic acids made up of?
1. Sugar molecule
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogen-containing base
What are the two nitrogen-containing bases?
1. Pyrimidine (1 ring--C,T,U)
2. Purine (2 rings--A,G)
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water.
What are the three small, non-polar hydrophobic molecules?
1. O2
2. CO2
3. N2
What are the three smaller uncharged polar molecules?
Do they pass through a membrane?
1. H2O
2. Glycerol
3. Ethanol

YES.
What are the three larger, uncharged polar molecules? Do they pass through a membrane?
1. Amino acids
2. Glucose
3. Nucleotides

NO.
Do ions pass through a membrane?
NO.
What are the two main components of muscle contraction, and how do they interact?
Myosin grabs actin and pulls inward, drawing the Z lines closer together.
What are the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract?
1) Mucus membrane
2) Submucosa
3) Muscle Layer
4) Serosa
What two things are needed for muscle contraction?
1) CA2+
2) ATP
What is ATP?
The main energy storage and transfer molecule in the cell.
What is the function of the duodenum?
Major site of digestion; receives products from the pancreas
What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
What enzyme breaks down nucleic acids?
Nucleases
What enzyme breaks down lipids?
Lipases