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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is homeostasis?
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Body systems working together to make sure cellular environment is kept constant.
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Substances required by all cells?
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Intake of oxygen and glucose and outtake of H20 and carbon dioxide.
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Structure of the cell membrane?
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Made of lipids and proteins. Arranged into two layers which create a bilayer.
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What is diffusion?
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The movement of a liquid or gas molecules from a high to a low concentration.
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What is carrier-meditated transport?
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Special proteins in a membrane bind to an ion or molecule.
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Vesicular transport?
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Substances move in or out of a cell enclosed in vescicles.
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What is osmosis?
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The movement of H20 across a differentially permeable membrane.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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Carrier protein changes shape and moves molecule.
PASSIVE!! |
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What is active transport?
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Same process as FD though against a concentration gradient using energy.
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What is endocytosis and exocytosis?
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Endocytosis is movement into a cell and exocytosis is movement out of a cell.
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What is phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
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Phagocytosis is solid material engulfed by a cell. Pinocytosis is liquids engulfed by a cell.
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What is cellular respiration?
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Organic molecules taken in as food and broken down to release energy.
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Equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.
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What is ATP?
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Adenosine Triphosphate. Remaining energy from cellular respiration.
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What is anaerobic respiration?
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Breakdown of glucose. Pyruvic acid is produced in glycolysis then converted to lactic acid. Produces energy when oxygen is not available.
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What is aerobic respiration?
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Pyruvic acid produced from glycolysis is completely broken down to CO2 and H2O. Requires oxygen.
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Where does anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration occur?
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Anaerobic in the cytoplasm and aerobic in the mitochondria.
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What is glycolysis?
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One glucose molecule being broken down into pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm to produce 2ATP.
Does not require oxygen. |
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What is the Krebs Cycle?
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Pyruvic molecules enter the mitochondria where a series of reactions results in 2ATP. Does require oxygen.
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What is the electron transport system?
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A further series of reactions in the mitochondria that can produce up to 34 ATP. (Requires oxygen.)
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How is the ATP bond broken?
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Bond between ADP and the third phosphate group is broken through cell division and active transport.
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What is metabolism?
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All chemical reactions that take place within the cells.
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What is catabolism?
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Reactions where large molecules break down to smaller ones.
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What is anabolism?
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Reactions where small molecules are built up to larger molecules.
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What are enzymes?
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Proteins that speed up metabolic reactions.
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What is the lock and key theory?
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Every enzyme has a specific substrate to react with.
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What affects enzymes?
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Concentration, temperature, pH, requirement of certain ions and non protein molecules.
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Why is cellular respiration necessary?
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It provides cell movement, uptake of materials from surroundings and production of chemical compounds.
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What is involved in the relationship between ADP and ATP?
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Glucose, CO2+H2O, protein and amino acids.
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Which type of respiration produces more energy?
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Aerobic produces more, 34 ATP.
Anaerobic produces 2 ATP through glycolysis of one glucose molecule. |
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What is oxygen debt? And how is it repaid?
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Anaerobic respiration. Repaid by converting lactic acid to glucose. (Deep breaths.)
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How do the cells keep the body temperature constant?
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Heat energy from the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.
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What is synthesis?
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Combining of small molecules to make larger molecules. (Same as anabolism.)
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What is interphase?
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DNA duplicates.
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Prophase?
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Nucleoli disappears and nuclear membrane breaks down. Chromatids join to become chromosomes. Spindle fibres form.
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Metaphase?
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Chromosomes align along the center of the spindle equator.
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Anaphase?
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Centromeres seperate and chromosomes move to opposite ends of spindle.
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Telophase?
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Spindle disappears. Nuclear membrane and nucleoli form, chromosomes uncoil, cytoplasm divides.
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What is pH?
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Acidity or alkalinity.
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What nutrients are required for metabolism?
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H2O, Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins.
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