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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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definition of anatomy
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structure
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anatomical position
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erect, arms at sides, palms forward
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Gross Anatomy
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decent body--detect with naked eye-macro
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histology
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looking at cells
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superior, inferior, medial, lateral
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above, below, surface closest to midline, surface farthest from midline
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proximal, distal, efferent, afferent
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end closest to the point of attachment of body trunk, furthest.., main organ(away from), toward
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Afferent
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veins take towards heart
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Homeostasis
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syeady-state conditions, maintained by coordinated physiological processes
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sagittal plane
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vertical plane, divides body into left and right portion
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midsagittal plane
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vertical, divides body into right and left halves
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transverse plane
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horizonal, divides body into superior and inferior portions
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frontal (coronal) plane
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A vertical plane at right angles to a sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.
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midclavicular sagittal plane
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A vertical line passing through the midpoint of the clavicle
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Types of body cavities
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vental, dorsal
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Ventral body cavity contains
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Thorasic-heart upper area, and abdominal
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Dorsal body cavity
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cranial, spinal
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Vertebral levels
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cervical (neck)
Thoracic (ribs) Lumbar Sacrum |
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synapses
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connections between nerve cells
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integumentary system
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skin/hair
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nervous system
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spine
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endocrine
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produces hormones
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excretory
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urinary
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lymphatic
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immune system
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chemical construct of cells
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H20, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium ions, phosphate
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Calcium ions in the cell are responsible for
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skeletal muscle contractions
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electron microscope discovered in
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1935
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mitochondria
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power houses of the cell, make ATP
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cells are all surrounded by a
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plasma membrane
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Eukaryote cells
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nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles
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prokaryote cells
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lack nucleus and organelles
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plasma membrane
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outer covering of the cell
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nucleus
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houses cells genetic material and functions as teh information center
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cytoplasm
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cell material, includes everything inside the cell except the nucleus--composed of cytosol
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organelles
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carry out specialized fucktions such as digesting nutrients or packaging cell products
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passive transport
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transports molecule without requiring cell to expend energy
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diffusion
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movement of molecules from 1 region to another as a result of random motions
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concentration gradient
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difference between concentrations
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concentration of solutes vs. H20
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higher the concentration of solutes, the lower the concentration of H20
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How diffusion occurs
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all molecules have kinetic energy-energy of motion, moving around inside body causing diffision to occur
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factors affecting rate of diffusion
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temperature--warmer>faster
size of diffusing molecules |
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osmosis
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movement of ONLY water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
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solvent and solute in body
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solvent-water solute-nacl
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tonicity
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solvent minus the solute
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hypotonic solution
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more solvent than solute-more H20 going inside cell, causing an increase in size
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isotonic solution
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Same solvent and solute, cells remain the same--physiological saline
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hypertonic solution
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more solute than solvent--more H20 inside cell, causing decrease in size
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moving against concentration gradient
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active transport
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Requirements for active transport
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energy source, carrier molecule
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substances moved in Active transport
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ions, puts ions where they belong
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sodium potassium pump
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uses ATP energy to transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell
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Cellular Respiration
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The conversion within the cell of nutrients (such as sugar molecules) into chemical energy in the form of ATP, by reacting the food with oxygen (O2) until the food has completely been degraded into carbon dioxide and H2O.
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glucose yields _ Atp
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2 + a lactic acid
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2 lactic acid yeild _ ATP
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36
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annabolism
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molecules assembled into larger molecules that contain more enery, this process requires energy
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catabolism
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larger molecules broken down, energy is released
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cellular respiration occurs
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in mitochondria
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Tissue types
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epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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Epithelial Tissues
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covering/lining tissue, skin
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functions of epithelium
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protection-some cells produce mucus
secretion-of mucus absorption-absorv into bloodstream from GI tract |
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epithelium chracterized by
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shape, layers, surface modification
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simple squamous epithelium
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one layer, flat
endothelium-lines blood vessels mesothelium-lines body cavities |
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cuboidal epithelium is found
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comprised of cube shaped cells froms kidney tubules
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columnar epithelium
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comprised of tall rectangular cells--lines larynx and digestive tract
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goblet cells
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sevrete mucus
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basement membrane
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provides structural support, directly beneath cells of epith tissue
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transitional epithelium
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tissue when cell shape is distended or relaxed--urinary bladder
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Connective Tissue
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serves to connect and support body parts, specialized functions
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connective tissue characterized by
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fibers, cells, matrix
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Areolar (loose) connective tissue
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mostly collagen and elastin fibers in no particular pattern, more ground substance
flexible but only moderately strong surrounds internal organs, muscles and blood vessels |
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Dense connective tissue
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mostly collagen in a parallel arrangement of fibers
tendons and ligaments |
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Adipose tissue
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fat cells
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cartilage types
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hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
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epidermis
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stratum corneum, stratum lucidium, stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum
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melanocytes
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determine skin color
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dermis
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pars papillaris
reticular portion contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics |
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irratibility
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sense receptors, hot cold pressure pain
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dendrites
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cytoplasmic extensions that extend from the cell body and receive signals from other neurons
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canaliculi
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In bone, channels that run through the calcified matrix between lacunae containing osteocytes.
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axon
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long extension that transmits electrial impulses
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haversion system
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osteons--
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