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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Helps maintain pH balance by its influence on carbon dioxide levels
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The Respiratory System
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1)Helps replenish the blood's oxygen supply 2) rid the blood of excess carbon dioxide
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Main functions of the respiratory system
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____ and ____ diffuse across the thin capillary and alveolar walls
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Carbon dioxide and oxygen.
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____ diffuses into the blood plasma ---> into the RBC's where it binds to hemoglobin
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Oxygen
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What makes a good transporter?
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1)Pick up
2)Bring it to correct location 3) Drop off |
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____ enters the RBCs in the bloodstream, where it is converted into carbonic acid
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Carbon dioxide
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______ dissociates forming hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. Later diffuse out of the RBCs
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Carbonic acid
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The urinary system consists of
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the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
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Ammonia, Urea, uric acid
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nitroginist waste
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Bile pigments, urochrome, carbon dioxide
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breakdown products of hemoglobin
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Ammonia, urea, uric acid, bile pigment, urochrome, carbon dioxide, water, inorganic ions
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Major wastes of excretion
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Kidney consists of two zones
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outer cortex and inner medulla
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microscopic filtering units in the kidney
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Nephrons
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Nephrons consist of two parts
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-Glamerulus
-renal tubule |
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The renal tubule consists of four parts
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-Bauman's Capsule
-Proximal Conduoluted tubule -Leap of henle -Distal Conduolated Tubule |
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Urine formation in nephrons involves three processes
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1)Glamerular filtration
2)Tubular Reabsorption 3)Tubular secretion |
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a physical filtration process
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Glamerular filtration
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helps conserve valuable nutrients and ions
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tubular re absorption
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transport of waste products from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule
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tubular secretion
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cpncentrations of ions and other substances are controlled by ____
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regulating water levels
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increases water reabsorption and conserves body water
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ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
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stimulates water reabsorption in the kidney
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aldosterone
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_____ increase urine output
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diretics
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increases urine output without affecting ADH secretions
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Caffine
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inhibits the secretion of ADH by the pitutary
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Ethanol
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Kidneys can be damaged by
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blood loss, bacteria, and toxic chemicals
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help maintain proper levels of nutrients
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Kidneys
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Two parts of nervous system
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central and peripheral nervous system
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made up of brain and spinal cord
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CNS
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receptors transmit sensory input to the CNS via _______
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sensory neurons
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made up of the spinal and cranial nerves
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PNS
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he specialized cells that make up the body's nervous system.
-nerve cells process and transmit information from one part of the body to another. |
Neuron
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controls involuntary actions in PNS
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Autonomic division
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largely controls voluntary actions in PNS
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Somatic division
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support cells of the nervous system
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Neuroglia
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-have action ptotentials
-info. in from dendrites, out axon -terminal boutons -a high metabolic demand -divide |
Neuron function
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the terminal ends of axons
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Terminal Boutons
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result from the flow of ions across their plasma membranes
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Action Potentials
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electrical charge across cell membrane
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Concept of Membrane Potential
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membrane potential when resting
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Resting membrane potential
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membrane potential that causes voltage gated channels to open
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Threshold Potential
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movement of membrane potential towards zero (loosing charge)
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Depolarization
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return of membrane potential to resting membrane potential
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Repolarization
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change in membrane potential other than an action potential
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Graded potential
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membrane potential becomes more negative than resting membrane potential
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Hyper Polarization
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open valve based on change in voltage
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Voltage gated
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open valve base on a chemical
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Ligand gated
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happens or doesn't happen ; no halfway
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All-or-nothing principle of APs
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immediately after an AP you can't get another AP to take it's place
-prevents AP from going the opposite direction |
Refractory Period
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APs do not degrade as they move down an Axon
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Self propigation
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1)AP travels down presynaptic axon to terminal bouton
2)AP causes release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft 3)NT binds to ligand gated channel 4)Ligand gated channel opens |
Synaptic Transmission
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a nerve that transmits message across a synapse
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Presynaptic neuron
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a nerve that receives messages at a synapse
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Postsynaptic neuron
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to link with a neuron
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Synapse
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carry sensory impulses
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sensory neurons
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carry motor impulses
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motor neurons
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connect sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord
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interneuron
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controls muscle coordination and helps maintain posture
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cerebellum
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controls many autonomic functions involved in homeostasis
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Hypothalamus
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the site of instinctive behavior and emotion
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Limbic system
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controls basic body function
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Brain stem
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controls internal organs
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ANS
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ANS has two divisions
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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responsible for the fight-or flight response
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Sympathetic
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responsible for internal responses associated with the related state
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Parasympathetic
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a neurological disorder caused by a lack of dopamine in certain regions of the brain
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Parkinson's
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cause by a destruction of the myelin sheaths of nerve cells in the CNS
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Multiple Sclerosis
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portions of DNA that code for proteins
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DNA
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the genetic constitution of an organism
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Genotype
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the physical characteristics of an organism
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Phenotype
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one of two or more alternative forms of a gene, situated in the same area (locus) on paired chromosomes and controlling the inheritance of the same characteristic
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Allele
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thin structure in the nucleus of a cell, formed of DNA which carries the genes
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Chromosome
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ither of the two strands into which a chromosome divides in the process of duplicating itself in cell division
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Chromatid
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he point at which two strands (chromatids) of a chromosome join and at which the spindle fibres are attached during cell division
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Centromere
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he chromosome make-up of a cell, shown as a diagram or as a set of letters and numbers
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Karyotype
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-Prophase
-Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase -Cytokinisis |
Mitosis
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rapid growth and metabolic activity
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G1 phase
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chromosome replication (DNA synthesis)
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S phase
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growth and final preparations for cell division
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G2 phase
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process that produces gametes
-gamete formation |
Meiosis
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one set of chromosomes/ half the set
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Haploid
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full set of chromosomes
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Diploid
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referring to an organism into which genetic material from a different species has been transferred using the techniques of genetic modification
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Transgenic Animals
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