• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/83

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

83 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Helps maintain pH balance by its influence on carbon dioxide levels
The Respiratory System
1)Helps replenish the blood's oxygen supply 2) rid the blood of excess carbon dioxide
Main functions of the respiratory system
____ and ____ diffuse across the thin capillary and alveolar walls
Carbon dioxide and oxygen.
____ diffuses into the blood plasma ---> into the RBC's where it binds to hemoglobin
Oxygen
What makes a good transporter?
1)Pick up
2)Bring it to correct location
3) Drop off
____ enters the RBCs in the bloodstream, where it is converted into carbonic acid
Carbon dioxide
______ dissociates forming hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. Later diffuse out of the RBCs
Carbonic acid
The urinary system consists of
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Ammonia, Urea, uric acid
nitroginist waste
Bile pigments, urochrome, carbon dioxide
breakdown products of hemoglobin
Ammonia, urea, uric acid, bile pigment, urochrome, carbon dioxide, water, inorganic ions
Major wastes of excretion
Kidney consists of two zones
outer cortex and inner medulla
microscopic filtering units in the kidney
Nephrons
Nephrons consist of two parts
-Glamerulus
-renal tubule
The renal tubule consists of four parts
-Bauman's Capsule
-Proximal Conduoluted tubule
-Leap of henle
-Distal Conduolated Tubule
Urine formation in nephrons involves three processes
1)Glamerular filtration
2)Tubular Reabsorption
3)Tubular secretion
a physical filtration process
Glamerular filtration
helps conserve valuable nutrients and ions
tubular re absorption
transport of waste products from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule
tubular secretion
cpncentrations of ions and other substances are controlled by ____
regulating water levels
increases water reabsorption and conserves body water
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
stimulates water reabsorption in the kidney
aldosterone
_____ increase urine output
diretics
increases urine output without affecting ADH secretions
Caffine
inhibits the secretion of ADH by the pitutary
Ethanol
Kidneys can be damaged by
blood loss, bacteria, and toxic chemicals
help maintain proper levels of nutrients
Kidneys
Two parts of nervous system
central and peripheral nervous system
made up of brain and spinal cord
CNS
receptors transmit sensory input to the CNS via _______
sensory neurons
made up of the spinal and cranial nerves
PNS
he specialized cells that make up the body's nervous system.
-nerve cells process and transmit information from one part of the body to another.
Neuron
controls involuntary actions in PNS
Autonomic division
largely controls voluntary actions in PNS
Somatic division
support cells of the nervous system
Neuroglia
-have action ptotentials
-info. in from dendrites, out axon
-terminal boutons
-a high metabolic demand
-divide
Neuron function
the terminal ends of axons
Terminal Boutons
result from the flow of ions across their plasma membranes
Action Potentials
electrical charge across cell membrane
Concept of Membrane Potential
membrane potential when resting
Resting membrane potential
membrane potential that causes voltage gated channels to open
Threshold Potential
movement of membrane potential towards zero (loosing charge)
Depolarization
return of membrane potential to resting membrane potential
Repolarization
change in membrane potential other than an action potential
Graded potential
membrane potential becomes more negative than resting membrane potential
Hyper Polarization
open valve based on change in voltage
Voltage gated
open valve base on a chemical
Ligand gated
happens or doesn't happen ; no halfway
All-or-nothing principle of APs
immediately after an AP you can't get another AP to take it's place
-prevents AP from going the opposite direction
Refractory Period
APs do not degrade as they move down an Axon
Self propigation
1)AP travels down presynaptic axon to terminal bouton
2)AP causes release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
3)NT binds to ligand gated channel
4)Ligand gated channel opens
Synaptic Transmission
a nerve that transmits message across a synapse
Presynaptic neuron
a nerve that receives messages at a synapse
Postsynaptic neuron
to link with a neuron
Synapse
carry sensory impulses
sensory neurons
carry motor impulses
motor neurons
connect sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord
interneuron
controls muscle coordination and helps maintain posture
cerebellum
controls many autonomic functions involved in homeostasis
Hypothalamus
the site of instinctive behavior and emotion
Limbic system
controls basic body function
Brain stem
controls internal organs
ANS
ANS has two divisions
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
responsible for the fight-or flight response
Sympathetic
responsible for internal responses associated with the related state
Parasympathetic
a neurological disorder caused by a lack of dopamine in certain regions of the brain
Parkinson's
cause by a destruction of the myelin sheaths of nerve cells in the CNS
Multiple Sclerosis
portions of DNA that code for proteins
DNA
the genetic constitution of an organism
Genotype
the physical characteristics of an organism
Phenotype
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene, situated in the same area (locus) on paired chromosomes and controlling the inheritance of the same characteristic
Allele
thin structure in the nucleus of a cell, formed of DNA which carries the genes
Chromosome
ither of the two strands into which a chromosome divides in the process of duplicating itself in cell division
Chromatid
he point at which two strands (chromatids) of a chromosome join and at which the spindle fibres are attached during cell division
Centromere
he chromosome make-up of a cell, shown as a diagram or as a set of letters and numbers
Karyotype
-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase
-Cytokinisis
Mitosis
rapid growth and metabolic activity
G1 phase
chromosome replication (DNA synthesis)
S phase
growth and final preparations for cell division
G2 phase
process that produces gametes
-gamete formation
Meiosis
one set of chromosomes/ half the set
Haploid
full set of chromosomes
Diploid
referring to an organism into which genetic material from a different species has been transferred using the techniques of genetic modification
Transgenic Animals