Human Bio - Tissues

Front 1

What are the systems?

Back 1

Respiratory
Endocrine
Muscular
Digestive
Immune
Skeletal
Circulatory
Urinary
Reproductive
Nervous
Integumentary

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structural chain

Back 2

systems -> organs -> tissues -> cells

Front 3

definition: tissue

Back 3

group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific functions

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4 types of animal tissue

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Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

Front 5

structure of muscle tissue

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each cell is elongated fiber containing many contractile units (myofibrils). myofibrils made up of sarcomeres, which shorten during contraction. striations due to arrangement of proteins, actin (thin) and myosin (thick). sarcomeres separated by Z-line. I-bands (actin) extend toward center from Z-line. myosin located in H-bands. A-bands where they overlap

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3 types of muscle

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cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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smooth muscle

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involuntary motion;
located in walls of organs;
responsible for movement of food through digestive system;
elongated, spindle-shaped fibers each with one central nucleus;

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cardiac muscle

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involuntary movement;
branched fibers;
1 or 2 nuclei;
weakly striated;
intercalated discs where cells joined

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skeletal muscle

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voluntary;
only muscle attached to bone;
elongated multinucleated cells;
can't replicate when developed;
heavily striated

Front 10

Nerve cell structure

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Dendrites receive signals;
Cell body processes information;
Axon transmits signals;
Schwann cells create myelin sheath;
signals jump along nodes of Ranvier between Schwann cells (saltatory conduction)

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functions of epithelial tissue

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Sensation
Absorption
Protection
Secretion

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3 shapes epithelial tissue

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squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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3 types epithelial tissue

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simple (one later)
stratified (many layers)
pseudostratified (one layer that looks like many under microscope)

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simple epithelium functions

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secretion, excretion, absorption, diffusion

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stratified epithelium function

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protection

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simple squamous epithelium

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large flat cells; lines blood vessels and air sacs in lungs, gas diffusion, material diffusion

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stratified squamous epithelium

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outer layer of skin, lines passageways into body, continuously regenerates as top layer is sloughed off, protection,
lines esophagus

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pseudostratified epithelium

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cells rest on basement membrane but are oddly shaped, lines respiratory passageways (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

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simple cuboidal epithelium

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line kidney tubules and ducts of some glands, secretion (and absorption in kidneys), stratified in some sweat glands

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simple columnar epithelium

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elongated cells with nuclei near end, secretion and absorption, lining of digestive organs, stomach, intestines

Front 21

3 functions of connective tissue

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joins other tissues
supports body/organs
protects underlying organs

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5 types of connective tissue

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loose
adipose
bone
blood
cartilage

Front 23

structure of connective tissue

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fewer cells separated by intercellular substance (matrix)

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loose (areolar) connective tissue

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major cell: fibroblast which secretes collagen (thick) and elastin (thin);
important in healing wounds;
forms thin membranes;
binds skin to underlying organs;
most fluid;
reservoir for salts/fluids

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adipose tissue

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specialized form of loose;
fibroblasts specialized to store fat;
function in fat (energy) storage, protection, support, insulation

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hyaline cartilage

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most common cartilage;
primary cells: chondrocytes which are housed in lacunae in the matrix;

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bone

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compact bone surrounding spongy layer with marrow;
repeated units called osteons;
primary cell: osteocytes;
arrangement of osteocytes: Haversian system

Front 28

structure of osteon

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central Haversian canal with nerves/blood vessels;
concentric circles radiate out (lamellae);
osteocytes located in hollow spaces (lacunae);
cytoplasmic extensions radiate out from osteocytes (canaliculi)

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blood

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Primary cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets (cell fragments) all suspended within plasma;

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erythrocytes

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carry O2 and CO2, no nucleus, most common blood cell, smallest, flexible bioconcave disc

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anemia

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deficiency in hemoglobin, decrease in RBCs, inadequate supply of O2, caused by loss of blood, decreased production of hemoglobin (iron or B12 deficiency), increased rate of RBC destruction

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2 functions of leukocytes

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protection
immunity

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2 categories of leukocytes and types within categories

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agranulocytes (mococytes, lymphocytes)
granulocytes (neutrophils, eosiniphils, basophils)

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neutrophils

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granulocyte, most common, granules stain pink, 2-5 lobes in nucleus, principal phagocytic cells in blood

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eosinophils

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very rare, granules stain dark red, bilobed nucleus, detoxification, increases during allergic reaction

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basophils

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rare, granules stain blue, bilobed nucleus, granules contain histamine

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monocytes

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largest WBC, 3x size of RBC, somewhat lobed nucleus (kidney shaped), macrophage (cleans up debris/foreign matter)

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lymphocyte

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somewhat larger than RBC, nucleus takes up most of cell, specialized to create antibodies or directly attack foreign invaders

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platelets

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no nuclei, aid in clotting, small bits of cytoplasm, originate from megakaryocyte cell