Human Bio (Quiz 8)

Front 1

What 2 things does the Immune System protect against?

Back 1

internal and external assaults on the body

Front 2

microorganisms that cause disease

Back 2

pathogens (bacteria - prokaryotes) ; viruses (invades via endocytosis)

Front 3

what is endocytosis?

Back 3

virus invading the cell

Front 4

what are prions?

Back 4

infectious propagating mis-folding proteins (mad cow, chronic wasting disease) ; don't ever fu kin die by freezing, drying, or cooking

Front 5

3 modes of transmission

Back 5

respiratory, fecal-oral, body fluids, direct contact

Front 6

what is virulence?

Back 6

how much damage the resulting disease causes

Front 7

3 fns of lymphatic system

Back 7

fluid balance, immunity filter foreign bodies, collect fat from intestines & transport it to the systemic veins

Front 8

3 structures of the lymphatic system

Back 8

lymph (fluid), lymphatic vessels, isolated structures w/ lymphoid tissue

Front 9

6 types of isolated structures in lymphatic system

Back 9

nodes, aggregated lymphoid nodules, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow

Front 10

lymph is a milky fluid containing [4]:

Back 10

white blood cells, proteins (large & won’t fit in capillaries), fats, occasionally bacteria and viruses

Front 11

3 sizes of lymphatic vessels

Back 11

lymph capillaries, trunks, and ducts

Front 12

cisterna chyli

Back 12

large chunk -like structure drains into colen or large intestine

Front 13

3 fns of lymphatic vessels

Back 13

remove high-molecular-weight substances & particulate matter from interstitial spaces, remove protein accumulation, absorb fats and other nutrients from small intestine

Front 14

what is lymphedema?

Back 14

swelling of the lymphatic vessels i.e. the fluid is not properly draining

Front 15

fn of lymph nodes

Back 15

to filter; removes microorganisms, debris, & abnormal cells from lymph

Front 16

mechanical filtration

Back 16

physically stopping particles from progressing further in the body

Front 17

biological filtration

Back 17

WBCs destroy & remove particles, phagocytosis

Front 18

4 [important] isolated lymphoid tissues

Back 18

tonsils, thymus, spleen, red bone marrow

Front 19

what is the pharyngeal lymphoid ring (& its fn)?

Back 19

tonsils ; pick up bacteria coming in through nose or oral cavity

Front 20

fn of thymus

Back 20

place where T cells (T Lymphocytes go after birth to mature)

Front 21

what hormone regulates Tcell division?

Back 21

thymosin

Front 22

what % of Tcells reach maturity and why?

Back 22

5% ; bc they're little pus ies and can't hang

Front 23

largest lymphatic organ (& 4 fns)

Back 23

spleen ; defense (macrophages phagocytose microorganisms), hematopoiesis (monocytes & lymphocytes complete development), red blood cell & platelet destruction (macrophages remove worn-out red blood cells & imperfect platelets by phagocytosis), blood reservoir

Front 24

2 regions of spleen (& fns)

Back 24

red pulp => removes old & damaged red blood cells, temporary blood storage

white pulp => contains lymphocytes, searching for pathogens

Front 25

3 layers of immune difense

Back 25

1) innate non-specific defense (chemical, physical)

2) innate non-specific defense (inflammation, fever, phagocytosis)

3) adaptive specific defense (B&T Cells, antibodies)

Front 26

skin defensive features

Back 26

1) structure - thick keratin

2) constantly being replaced

3) low pH (5-6) that is to say, kind of acidic

4) antibiotics produced by sweat glands

Front 27

1st line defensive features of eyes and butt holes and vaginas

Back 27

1) tears & saliva => lysosomes lysozyme kill bacteria, bacteria rinsed into GI tract

2) digestive & vaginal acid => h CL acid kills most bacteria (but not helicobacter pylori)

3) commit, urine, & defecation

4) mucous => pathogens get stuck and swallowed or shat

Front 28

2nd line defensive molecules

Back 28

neutrophil (WBCs) => most numerous phagocyte, first to arrive at injury

macrophage "large eater" (WBCs) => monocytes that have increased size after leaving blood stream

Front 29

what is phagocytosis?

Back 29

the ingesting and breaking down of a foreign cell

Front 30

6 steps of phagocytosis

Back 30

1) phagocyte approaches and pulls bacterium in

2) surrounds bacterium

3) bacterium becomes enclosed in vessicle

4) lysosome fuses with lysosomes

5) lysosomal enzymes digest bacterium

6) vessicle fuses with PM and excretes waste and debris

Front 31

4 steps of inflammation

Back 31

1) damaged cell triggers histamine release (from mast cells) which causes vasodilation

2) WBCs and plasma leave capillaries

3) increase RBC to site

4) Swelling impinges on surrounding nerve endings (pain)

Front 32

3 steps to compliment protein bacteria fu king

Back 32

1) activated complement proteins create holes in bacterial cell wall

2) water and salts diffuse into bacterium

3) bacterium swells and eventually bursts

Front 33

2 types of lymphocytes ; fns ; how they work

Back 33

B cells and T cells ; systemic protection by stopping target pathogens (antigens) ; produce memory cells

Front 34

what is MHC?

Back 34

major histocompatibility complex proteins ; self-antigens that are on human cells

Front 35

what is interferon?

Back 35

proteins that signal virus host & surrounding cells to cease fire on protein synthesis

Front 36

2 types of specific immunity

Back 36

1) antibody-mediated immunity => antibodies either function as a marker for phagocytosis or cause agglutination with lots of pathogens
2) cell-mediated immunity (T cells)
-mature in Thymus

-can’t recognize whole antigens ; must be presented with antigen by antigen-presenting cells
- helper T cells & Memory T cells => secrete chemicals to direct other immature cells
- Cytotoxic T cells => directly kill foreign invade

Front 37

5 steps of phagocytosis

Back 37

1) macrophage engulfs a pathogen
2) lysosomes partially digest pathogen
3) vesicle containing MHC molecules binds to digestive vesicle
4) MHC molecules and a fragment of the antigen form an antigen-MHC complex
5) antigen-MHC complex is displayed on the surface of the PM

Front 38

3 types of T cells

Back 38

1) helper T cells
-secrete cytokines which regulate B cells, T cells, phagocytes, & CD8 cells
-targets of HIV
2) Memory T cells
-reactivate during later exposures
3) Cytotoxic T Cells
-roam the body and directly attack and destroy abnormal (tumor or viral-infected) cells and foreign

Front 39

primary immune response time (to the first exposure of a virus [new antigen])

Back 39

3-6 days for B cells to multiply and act accordingly ; 10-12 days for antibodies to increase ; memory cells are made

Front 40

secondary immune response time to the first exposure of a virus (new antigen)

Back 40

faster response & longer lasting ; in hours, memory cells trigger T cell production ; In a few days, antibodies increase

Front 41

4 types of Respiration

Back 41

1) Breathing (ventilation)

2) external respiration (gas exchange between air and blood in lungs)

3) internal respiration (gas exchange between blood and tissues)

4) cellular respiration (oxygen used to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as well)

Front 42

4 elements in the upper respiratory tract

Back 42

nose, nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx

Front 43

3 sections of the pharynx

Back 43

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Front 44

5 elements in the lower respiratory tract

Back 44

1) larynx
2) trachea
3) bronchi and bronchioles
4) lungs
5) alveoli

Front 45

what is nasal mucosa? ; morphology of the cells of nasal mucosa?

Back 45

respiratory mucus ; pseudostriated, ciliated, and columnar epithelium

Front 46

4 pairs of paranasal sinuses

Back 46

[they drain into nasal cavity]
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
sphenoid sinus
ethmoid sinus