Human Bio Exam 4 Ch. 10-12

Front 1

What is DNA?

Back 1

~Deoxyribonucleic Acid

~1/2 from mom 1/2 from dad

~blue print" of life

Front 2

What are genes?

Back 2

~Covers a wider characteristic or trait

~Codes for hair color

Front 3

What are alleles?

Back 3

~A specific part or "variety" of a gene

~Are different "versions" or varieties of the genes that code for hair color.

Front 4

What does DNA do?

Back 4

The genetic code gets transcribed into the nucleotide code of mRNA.

Front 5

What does DNA look like?

Back 5

~structured in a "double helix" where two strands of nucleotide face each other and pair up

~Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine

~Genetic material that codes for genes

Front 6

Where does DNA come from?

Back 6

~inside the nucleus

Front 7

What does dominance mean?

Back 7

~Means that a particular trait for an allele "covers over" or dominates another form of that trait or allele.

~ALWAYS SHOW UP and are the visible trait that people observe- phenotype

Front 8

What are Recessive Alleles?

Back 8

~For a trait are "covered over" or "hidden"

~ONLY be visible when there are 2 copies of them in a genome

~Still expressed but their expression is "hidden over" by the dominant gene and are invisible

Front 9

Consequences of Inheritance:

Back 9

~BB: Black hair alleles- dominant

~bb: Blond hair alleles- recessive

Front 10

What is RNA?

Back 10

~Ribo Nucleic Acid

~Chemically very similar to DNA but structurally is different (not double helix)

~RNA comes in 3 "flavors" mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Front 11

What is Messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Back 11

~Single stranded molecule

Front 12

What is Transfer RNA (tRNA)?

Back 12

~Complex secondary structure

Front 13

What is Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Back 13

~Complex secondary structure

Front 14

What is RNA composed of?

Back 14

~Composed of adenine, guanine, and uracil.

Front 15

How does the DNA "Genetic Code" or "Blueprint of Life" work?

Back 15

~Has three main functions ("RER"): 1. replication, 2. Gene Expression, 3. Gene Regulation

Front 16

What is replication?

Back 16

~DNA makes a "copy" of itself when the cell divides. This way each cell gets an exact copy of the DNA from the "mother" cell.

Front 17

What is Gene expression?

Back 17

~The nucleotide "letters" of DNA contains genes that provide the instructions to make all the proteins that the cell needs to function.

~Here the nucleotide letter code of DNA gets transcribed into mRNA which then translates the "message" into making a protein.

Front 18

What is the Gene expression that flows the genetic information?

Back 18

~DNA-RNA-Protein

Front 19

What is gene regulation?

Back 19

~DNA contains "genetic switches" which are region of DNA responsible for turning genes "on" or "off" and telling the cells WHICH PROTEINS to make, WHEN to make them and HOW MUCH.

~Explains it part how the cells of the embryo can become all the different cell types in the body.

Front 20

How does a protein like hemoglobin get made from the hemoglobin gene encoded by DNA?

Back 20

~

Front 21

What is hemoglobin gene?

Back 21

~DNA double stranded- nucleotide pairs (A loves T, C loves G)

~One of the 2 DNA strands get transcribed into mRNA

Front 22

Define translate?

Back 22

~tRNA and rRNA are involved in translating mRNA into protein.

~Work together with tRNA and rRNA to get mRNA code into protein

Front 23

What is hemoglobin?

Back 23

~Genetic disease that affects the red blood cell protein.

~Found in red blood cells

~Carries oxygen to tissue

Front 24

What is sickle cell anemia?

Back 24

~Results from a defective hemoglobin.

~Hemoglobin molecules stick together.

~Sickle RBCs are damaged and have decreased longevity in the blood stream.

Front 25

What are complications from low oxygen supply to tissues?

Back 25

~Pain, organ damage, stroke, increase chance of infections.

Front 26

What is "Normal Hb" mean?

Back 26

~Normal blood flow

Front 27

What does Sickle cell Hb cause?

Back 27

~Causes RBC to misshape or "sickle".

Front 28

What are the results of RBC?

Back 28

~as a result the ____ of sickle cell patients becomes "sticky" and blood flow becomes blocked.

Front 29

What are the hemoglobin structures?

Back 29

~Multi-sub-unit protein (tetrameter)

~2 alpha and 2 beta subunits

~Heme

Front 30

What is heme?

Back 30

~One per sub-unit

~has an iron atom

~carries O2 in red blood cells.

Front 31

What are red blood cells?

Back 31

~Bags of hemoglobin that transport oxygen to tissues and organs.

Front 32

What is normal Hb gene?

Back 32

~Hb A

Front 33

What is sickle Hb gene?

Back 33

~Hb S

Front 34

What is normal Hb protein?

Back 34

~HbA

Front 35

What is sickle Hb protein?

Back 35

~HbS

Front 36

What is sickle cell hemoglobin a result of?

Back 36

~Change or mutation in only ONE nucleotide in the Hb gene.

~Change in the gene translates into ONE amino acid difference in a critical part of the Hb molecule

Front 37

What is sickle cell hemoglobin?

Back 37

~One nucleotide difference in the hemoglobin gene causes a change in the amino acid sequence during translation.

~This mutation causes a significant change in the hemoglobin structure.

Front 38

Is sickle cell anemia a recessive or dominate disease?

Back 38

~Recessive disease

Front 39

What is sickle cell anemia?

Back 39

~Recessive disease

~RBC have all normal Hb-A

~This person got 2 normal copies of the hemoglobin gene.

~Expresses only Hb-A (normal Hb)

Front 40

What happens if you have enough "normal" HbA?

Back 40

~They are carriers of sickle cell anemia but are asymptomatic b/c ____ is normally expressed in their RBC so they do not misshapen or sickle and cause symptoms.

Front 41

A is dominant over S and therefore the deleterious affects of sickle Hb-S do not surface.

Back 41

~They are "masked"

Front 42

What is Malaria?

Back 42

~Carried by mosquito

~Carrying mosquito inject the infection parasite into a host that has all normal Hb- A

~The infection parasite grows and multiplies well in normal blood cells and this person becomes infected w/ the disease.

Front 43

What do people with sickle cell carry?

Back 43

~They express both kinds of Hb (A & S)

Front 44

What happens when recessive genetic diseases occur?

Back 44

~Need TWO copies of the mutant allele to get the disease

~If both parents are carriers there is a 25% Chance that a boy or girl will be affected, a 50% chance that a child will be carried and a 25% chance that the child will not carry the gene.

Front 45

What happens in a dominant genetic disease?

Back 45

~Can be caused by a single abnormal gene from either parent

~Even though one member of the gene pair is normal, the abnormal gene overrules the normal gene.

~If one parent has the disorder, there is a 50% chance that it will be passed to each child.

Front 46

What are sex linked genetic diseases?

Back 46

~Mutations carried on the X chromosome.

Front 47

What happens if women carry an x-linked disorder?

Back 47

~There is a 50% chance that ____ will pass the disorder to their son and a 50% chance that their daughter will be a carrier.

Front 48

What happens if a man carries an x-linked disorder?

Back 48

~All the daughters will be carriers and none of the sons will be affected.

Front 49

What is Hemophilia?

Back 49

~ A medical condition in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury. The condition is typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor, most often factor VIII.

Front 50

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Back 50

~A genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is one of nine types of muscular dystrophy.

Front 51

What is turner syndrome?

Back 51

~chromosomal condition that affects development in females.

~An early loss of ovarian function (ovarian hypofunction or premature ovarian failure) is also very common. The ovaries develop normally at first, but egg cells (oocytes) usually die prematurely and most ovarian tissue degenerates before birth. Many affected girls do not undergo puberty unless they receive hormone therapy, and most are unable to conceive (infertile).

Front 52

What is Huntington's disease?

Back 52

~ A hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia.

Front 53

What is Familial hyper-cholesterolemia?

Back 53

~ Is a genetic disorder characterized by high cholesterol levels, specifically very high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, "bad cholesterol"), in the blood and early cardiovascular disease.

Front 54

What is cystic fibrosis?

Back 54

~ A hereditary disorder affecting the exocrine glands. It causes the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to the blockage of the pancreatic ducts, intestines, and bronchi and often resulting in respiratory infection.

Front 55

What does DNA look like?

Back 55

Front 56

Where does DNA come from?

Back 56

Front 57

What is the difference between genes and alleles?

Back 57

Front 58

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Back 58

Front 59

What does mRNA look like?

Back 59

Front 60

What does tRNA look like?

Back 60

Front 61

What does rRNA look like?

Back 61

Front 62

What does DNA replication look like?

Back 62

Front 63

What does gene expression look like?

Back 63

Front 64

What does gene regulation look like?

Back 64

Front 65

What does normal v. sickle blood look like?

Back 65

Front 66

What does the hemoglobin structure look like?

Back 66