Human Bio: Evolution

Front 1

Key points about natural selection

Back 1

1) Indivisuals do NOT evolve
*population grows
2) hertiable traits only
* only genes can change
3)Evolution is not goal orianted
* cannot male "Perfect" organism

Front 2

Natural selection

Back 2

1)prime of evolutionl; adaptation of organism to their enviorment
2) differential survival and reproduction of indivisuals within a population

Front 3

Charles Darwin

Back 3

* observed Organisms produces more offspring than enviorment can handle
* Organisms vary in many traits

Front 4

Artifical Selection

Back 4

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals

Front 5

Natural selection can amlify or diminsih only heritable traits; acquired characteristics cannot be passed on to offfspring... True/false.

Back 5

True

Front 6

What did Fossils show?

Back 6

*shows that organisms have evolved in a historical sequence
* many fossils link early extinct species with species living today.

Front 7

Biogeography

Back 7

the geographic distribution of species
* Darwin noted animals from islands looked like animals on mainlands more then the animals on the same islands

Front 8

Comaprative anatomy

Back 8

comparison of body structors in different species

Front 9

homology

Back 9

the similarity in characteristics that result from common ancestry
* vertebrates forelimbs

Front 10

Comparative embryology

Back 10

comparing the early development stages among different oragnisms

Front 11

vesitgal organs

Back 11

Organs that are there, but you don't nessacarily need them.
* Example: Appendix in humans
* Or pelvic and hind-leg bones of a whale.

Front 12

Molecular biology

Back 12

compares DNA and amino acids sequence btw different organisms reveal evolutionary relationships
* all living things share a common DNA code for the proteins found in living cells
* share genes with bactiera, yeast, and fruit flies.

Front 13

Population

Back 13

group of indivisuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time.

Front 14

Evolution

Back 14

Change in heritable traits in a population over generations

Front 15

Gene Pool

Back 15

Total collection of genes in a population

Front 16

Microevolution

Back 16

change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool

Front 17

Population genetics

Back 17

studies how population change genetically over time

Front 18

New alleles are caused because...

Back 18

Mutation(change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA) is the ultimate source
*Mutation alleles occasionally improve the adaptation of an indivisual to it's enviorment.... increasing survival and reproductive success

Front 19

Chromosomal duplication is an important source of genetic variation... True False

Back 19

True

Front 20

If gene is duplicated, copy can undergo mutation without affecting the functions of the original copy... True/Flase

Back 20

true

Front 21

Hardy-Weinberg

Back 21

* sexual reproduction alone does not leas to evolution changees in population
*they state that allele and geneotype frequencies w/in reproducing diploid population will remain equal unless outside forces act to change those frequencies
- example stake of card no matter how you deal, still same cards in deck.

Front 22

To remanin in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium you must meet 5 conditions

Back 22

1) very large population
2) no gene flow from btw populations
3) no mutations
4)Random mating
5) no natual selection
* if you have all of these then there is NO evolution

Front 23

Mutation

Back 23

rare and random
Little effect on the gene pool

Front 24

Three main causes of Evolutinary change

Back 24

Natual Selection
Genetic Drift
Gene Flow

Front 25

Genetic Drift

Back 25

change in gene pool of population due to change
* Bottle neck effect
* Founders Effect

Front 26

Bottle neck effect

Back 26

loss of genetic diversity when a population is greatly reduced
* natrual disaster

Front 27

Founders effect

Back 27

when a few indivisuals colonize a new habitat

Front 28

Gene Flow

Back 28

movement of indivisuals or gametes/spores between populatioons and can alter allele frequencies in a population

Front 29

Stabilizing selection

Back 29

favors intermediate phenotypes. acting against extreme phenotypes

* favors intermediate

Front 30

directional selection

Back 30

Favors one extreme

Front 31

Disruptive/Diversify Selection

Back 31

favors both extremes

Front 32

Intrasexual competiton

Back 32

competitions for mates, usually by males

Front 33

intersexual competitions

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(Mate choice) individual of one sex (usually female) are choosy in picking their mate, often selecting flashy or colorful mate
* Peacock

Front 34

Speciation

Back 34

in the emergence of new species

Front 35

Tasxonomy

Back 35

Branch of biology that names and classifies species and groups them into broader categories

Front 36

The biological species concept

Back 36

Group of pouplation whose members have the potenial to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

Front 37

Morphological species concept

Back 37

If they look the same they are the same
based on observable phenotyic traits

Front 38

Ecological species concept

Back 38

defines species by ecological role or niche

Front 39

Reproductive barriers

Back 39

serve to isolate a specis gene pool and prevent interbreeding
* can't have kids

Front 40

Preygotic barriers

Back 40

prevent mating or fertilization b/w species

Front 41

Temporal Isolation

Back 41

2 species breed at different times (season, time of day, year)

Front 42

Habitat isolation

Back 42

2 species live in the same general area but not in the same kind of place

Front 43

behavioral isolation

Back 43

there is little or no sexual attraction b/w species, due to specific behaviors

Front 44

Mechanical isolation

Back 44

Female and male sex organs are not compatible

Front 45

gametic isolation

Back 45

female and male gametes are not compatitble

Front 46

Postzygotic barriers

Back 46

happens after hybrid zygot is formed
*spieces can reproduce but something happens to offsprng where offspring cannot

Front 47

reduce hybrid viability

Back 47

offspring do not survive

Front 48

reduce hybrid fertility

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offspring are vigorous but sterile

Front 49

hybrid breakdown

Back 49

first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but the offspring of the hybrids are feeble or sterile

Front 50

allopatric speciation

Back 50

population of same species are geographically seperated, separating their gene pools
* grand cannon squirls

Front 51

Sympatric speciation

Back 51

new species may arise within the same geographic are as a parent species

Front 52

adaptive radiation

Back 52

many diverse species evolve from common ancestor

Front 53

when does adaptive radiation occur

Back 53

when few organisms colonsixe new unexploited areas, and

After mass extinction

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Punctuated equilibrium

Back 54

long periods of little change followed by abrupt episodes of speciation

Front 55

Gradualism

Back 55

series of slow change
intermediated forms

Front 56

are prokaryotes ubiquitous

Back 56

True; found everywhere

Front 57

Pathogenic Prokaryotes

Back 57

diease causing

Front 58

Commensal Prokayotes

Back 58

good; helpful; benifical

Front 59

What do Prokaryotes cells look like?

Back 59

Cocci (spheres)
Bacilli (rods)
Sprilla(spirals, vibriods, spirochetes)

Front 60

what is the arrangment of prokaryotes cells?

Back 60

Cocci-
*streptococci (in chains)
*straphylococci (in clusters)
Bacilli-
*singular
*streptobacilli (in chains)

Front 61

Gram positive bacteria

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have slim walls with a thick layer of peptidoglycan (purple)

Front 62

Gram negative Bacteria

Back 62

have complex walls with less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane of lipid bonded (pink)
* pink because the stain cannot penitrate through outermembrain

Front 63

Prokaryotes get noursishment how

Back 63

Energy
and carbon

Front 64

what is the source of energy for prokaryotes

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Light and Chemicals

Front 65

What is the source of carbon for Prokaryotes

Back 65

CO2
Organic compounds

Front 66

Photoautotrophs

Back 66

CO2 &light

Front 67

Photoheterotrophs

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Organic compunds and light

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Chemoautotrophs

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chemical and CO2

Front 69

Chemoheterotrophs

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chemical and organic compund

Front 70

Biofilms

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cells in a colony secrete signaling molecules that recruit nerby cells/ allowing nutrients and wastes to move outside of the biofilm
* example: slim on teeth in the morning

Front 71

Archaea can be extremophiles like...

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Halophiles (salt lovers)
thermophiles (heat lovers)
Methanogens (anaerobic enviorment gives of methane gas)
Or
Ocean

Front 72

Pathogenic bacteria

Back 72

causes disease by producing poisonous exotoxins or endotoxions

Front 73

Exotoxions

Back 73

Proteins secreted by bactiral cells
some are most powerful toxins
*EX: Lock jaw

Front 74

Endotoxins

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components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell.
* septic shock
* bacterial meningitis
* food poisoning

Front 75

what are some high priority threats in bacteria

Back 75

Anthrax (soil bactrium)
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Clostridium botulinum( is the deadliest: only 30 g is needed to wipe out population.

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Bioremediation

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removal of pollutants from soil, air or water using organisms

Front 77

Anatomy

Back 77

study of structures

Front 78

Physiology

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study of structures functions

Front 79

Hierarchical organization

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Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organ system- organism

Front 80

Four categories of tissues in animals

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Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

Front 81

Epithelial come in three shapes

Back 81

Squamous: flat, plate-like cell
Cubodial: cube or dice like
Columnar: tall and skinny

Front 82

Number of cell layers in Epithelial cells

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simple:1
Stratidied: two or more
Pseudoostratified: look stratidied, but only one layer

Front 83

6 types connecting tissue

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Loose connective tissue
Dense(fibrous) connective tissue
Adipose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood

Front 84

Skeletal Muscle

Back 84

cause voluntary movement or striated

Front 85

Smooth muscles

Back 85

Moves wall of internal organs, such as intestines (Involuntary or visceral)

Front 86

Cardiac muscles

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Moves blood

Front 87

Nervouse tissues is composed of?

Back 87

Neurons: carry signals bby conducting elecreical impulse
supporting cells or Gila: insulate axons and nourish neurons

Front 88

anatomy of Neuron

Back 88

SOma
Axon
Dendrite

Front 89

what kind of tissue does the heart have

Back 89

Epithelia: lining heart chamber
connective: tissues makes the elastic
Neurons: regulates contractions

Front 90

Endocrine system

Back 90

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas testis (male)
Ovary(female)
(controlls body functions)

Front 91

Skeletal system

Back 91

bone
cartliage
(support and move body)

Front 92

Circulatory system

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heart
blood vessels
(transports the food and oxygen)

Front 93

Respiratory system

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nasal cavity
larynx
trachea
bronchus
lung
(absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide)

Front 94

Muscular system

Back 94

skeletal muscles

Front 95

Integumentary system

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hair
nails
skin
(covers and protects the body)

Front 96

Lymphatic and immune system

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lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessles
Thymus
Bone marrow
spleen
(protects body from infection and cancer)

Front 97

reproductive system (male)

Back 97

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
vas deferens
penis
urethra
testis

Front 98

Reproductive system (female)

Back 98

oviduct
ovary
uterus
vagina

Front 99

Nervous system

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Brain
sense organs
spinal cord
nerves
(controls body functions)

Front 100

digestive system

Back 100

mouth
esophagus
liver
stomach
small Intestine
large intestine
Anus
(Absorbs food)

Front 101

Urinary system

Back 101

Kidney
ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Front 102

two layers of skin

Back 102

Epidermis (outer layer)
Dermis (inner layer)

* also hypodermis is on bottom of both

Front 103

function of skin

Back 103

*waterproof; pretoects body from dehydration
* prevents penetration from microbes
*respond to stimuli from the enviroment
* insulate the body