Human Bio 2/4

Front 1

Hemoglobin

Back 1

Oxygen-binding protein consists of 4 polypeptide chains with heme group and iron atom.

Front 2

Albumins

Back 2

Plasma protein that serves to maintain proper water balance between blood and interstitial fluid. Made in the liver

Front 3

Globulins

Back 3

Plasma protein.

Alpha, beta and gamma.

Beta binds to lipids to form lipoprotein.

LDL is bad and HDL is good. (High and low density lipoprotein).

Front 4

Hermatocrit

Back 4

Percentage of RBC's in a persons blood.

Front 5

Erythoblast (>RBC = Erythoclast)

Back 5

The cell that creates RBC

Front 6

Myeloblast

Back 6

Creates 2 phagocytes:

Neutrophil (p)

Eosinophil (p)

Basophil

Front 7

Neutrophil

Back 7

Phagocyte.

first WBCs to respond to infection, destroy bacteria in the blood and tissue fluid;

Can travel trough the blood stream and die after they killed a bacteria and turn in to pus.

Front 8

Eosinophil

Back 8

Phagocytes proteins

Bombard parasites with digestive enzymes. Release chemicals that moderate the sevirity of allergic reactions.

Front 9

Basophil

Back 9

very similliar to mast cells. (but found in blood instead of tissue)

secrete histamine, causing adjacent blood vessels to release blood plasma into the injured area.

Front 10

Monoblast >monocyte > ?

Back 10

Cells before macrophages. (phagocyte)

Fliters out of the blood into body tissues before it transforms.

Front 11

Lymphoblast > lymphocyte >

Back 11

cell which is responsible for B & T cells and NK cells

Front 12

Megakaryoblast > megakaryocyte

Back 12

Creates platelets

Front 13

Eythropoietin

Back 13

Hormone from the kidneys that travles to the red bone mare to stimulate RBC's. (stimulated by O2 avalability)

Front 14

Hemostasis

Back 14

Ability to stop blood loss.

Front 15

Thrombin

Back 15

Important enzyme in the ability stop stop bleeding. THis enzyme facilitates Fibrogen to become Fibrin.

Front 16

Fibrin

Back 16

threads of insoluble protein that help blood clotthing.

Front 17

Agglutinate

Back 17

when antibodies attack RBC's because they are foreign.

Front 18

Antibodies

Back 18

Plasma protein (gamma gobulin)

Made by lymphocytes.

Front 19

Mononucleosis

Back 19

Kissing disease.

Flu like symptoms.

Increased number of monocytes and lymphocytes. But the lymphocytes begin to look like monocytes.

Front 20

Iron-deficiency anemia

Back 20

Not enough iron to synthesize the hemoglobins.

Front 21

Hemorrhagic anemia

Back 21

Anemia due to blood loss.

Front 22

Pernicious anemia

Back 22

Deficiency in Vitamin B12 which is important for the production of normal RBC's.

Front 23

Hemolytic anemia

Back 23

result of a rupture or destruction of RBCs. e.g. sickle-cell disease

Front 24

Macrophages

Back 24

This cell derives from monocyte and works with phagocytosis. It destroys old RBC's in the liver and spleen.

engulf/digest large numbers of foreign cells, especially viruses and bacterial parasites,

They also release chemicals that stimulate production of WBC's

Front 25

Bilirubin

Back 25

Heme groups that are converted to pigment after the RBC dies. (When liver fails jaundice)

Front 26

Erythropoietin

Back 26

=hormone, secreted by the kidneys, that stimulates RBC production.

Front 27

Hemophilia

Back 27

= condition caused by a deficiency in one or more clotting factors

Front 28

Leukemia (blood cancer)

Back 28

overproduction of abnormal WBCs crowds out the production of normal RBC, WBC and platelets. Symptoms: easy bruising, tender bones, sometimes headache or enlarged lymph nodes.

Front 29

Multiple myeloma

Back 29

= type of cancer, abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow undergo uncontrolled division.

Front 30

Thrombocytopenia

Back 30

= reduction in the number of platelets, caused by viral infections, anemia, leukemia, other blood disorders, exposure to X-rays or radiation, reaction to certain drugs...

Front 31

Endothelium

Back 31

Flattened squamous epithelial cells in both artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, veins.

Front 32

Smooth muscle

Back 32

Middle layer of the vessels.

Front 33

Tough connective tissue

Back 33

Outer layer of everything except arteriole.

Front 34

precapillary sphincer

Back 34

Smooth muscles that can constrict the capillary

Front 35

Aneurysm

Back 35

= ballooning of the artery wall, caused by damage to the endothelium, blood seeping between the two outer layers.

Front 36

Vasodilation

Back 36

Relaxation and increase of blood flor to the capillaries.

Front 37

Cappilaries

Back 37

Only blood vessels that can exchange material with interstitial fluid.

Front 38

Respiratory pump

Back 38

Pressure changes in the thoraric and abdominal cavities during breathing helping blood push towards the heart.

Front 39

0.1 sec

0.3 sec

0.4 sec

Back 39

Artrial systole time :

Ventricular systole time:

Diastole Time:

Front 40

Murmurs

Back 40

unusual heart sounds

Front 41

Sinoatrial node

Back 41

small mass of cardiac muscle cells, near the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, emits an electrical impulse that travels across both atria, stimulating contractions. = cardiac pacemaker.

Front 42

Atrioventricular node

Back 42

= located between the atria and ventricles, cause a slight delay atria can contract and empty their blood into the ventricles, before the ventricles contract

Front 43

Atrioventricular bundle

Back 43

= group of conducting fibers in the septum between the two ventricles, branch and extend into the Purkinje fibers.

Front 44

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 44

Hormones that stimulate the heart secreted by adrenal glands.

Front 45

Stroke volume

Back 45

volume of blood pumped out with each heartbeat

Front 46

Angina

Back 46

sensation of pain and tightness in the chest, often accompanied by shortness of breath and a sensation of choking or suffocating, caused by impaired blood flow to the heart

Front 47

Heart attack = Myocardial infarction

Back 47

Impaired blood flow for a long time.

permanent damage to heart tissue, due to oxygen starvation

Front 48

Heart failure

Back 48

If the heart muscle becomes damaged for any reason, the heart may become weaker and less efficient at pumping blood.

(congestive when to much fluid into the interstitial space)

Front 49

Embolism

Back 49

= sudden blockage of a blood vessel by material floating in the bloodstream (embolus)

Front 50

Pulmonary trunk

Back 50

artery supplying blood to the lungs

Front 51

Stroke

Back 51

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) = impairment of blood flow causes damage to brain cells.

Front 52

tot 120 en 80

120-139 or 80-89

140-159 or -90-99

160+ or 100+

Back 52

Normal

Prehypertension

hypertension stage 1

hypertension stage 2

Front 53

Virulence

Back 53

How damaging the resulting disease is.

Front 54

Right lymphatic duct

Thoraric duct

Back 54

Lymphatic capillaries merge to form which 2 lymphatic ducts?

Front 55

Lymphatic ducts connect to cardiovascular system joining the subclavian veins near the shoulder

Back 55

Joinpoint lymphatic - cardiovascular system.

Front 56

Macrophages and lymphocytes

Back 56

WBC's inside a lymph node

Front 57

Spleen

Back 57

has two main functions:

- Control the quality of the circulating RBCs by removing the old and damaged ones;

- Fight infections.

Front 58

Red pulp (spleen)

Back 58

contains macrophages that scavenge and break down microorganisms and old or damaged RBCs&platelets.

Front 59

White pulp (spleen)

Back 59

contains primarily lymphocytes searching for foreign pathogens. Does not store blood.

Front 60

Thymus gland

Back 60

secretes two hormones, thymosin and thymopoietin, that cause T lymphocytes to mature.

Shrinks at old age.

Front 61

Thymosin

Back 61

Hormone made by the thymus gland that causes T lymphocytes to mature

Front 62

Thymopoietin

Back 62

Hormone made by the thymus gland that causes T Lymphocytes to mature

Front 63

Tonsils

Back 63

masses of lymphatic tissue near the throat.

Front 64

Adenoids

Back 64

Tonsils that tend to enlarge during childhood, but mostly start to shrink by the age of 5 and disappear by puberty.

Front 65

Dermicidin

Back 65

a natural antibiotic peptide, that can kill a range of harmful bacteria. (by skin)

Front 66

Histamine

Back 66

promotes vasodilation of neighboring small blood vessels. So that phagocytes can get trough the walls and destroy bacteria.

Front 67

Natural killer cells

Back 67

(out of lymphocytes)

group of WBCs that destroy tumor cells and virus-infected cells. They are able to recognize changes that take place in the plasma membranes of tumor/infected cells. They release chemicals that break down their targets’ cell membranes. Dont need MHC

Only one that destroy other human cells.

Front 68

The complement system

Back 68

20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood, assist other mechanisms.

Front 69

Interferons

Back 69

group of proteins, diffuse to nearby healthy cells, bind to the cell membranes and stimulate them to produce proteins that interfere with the synthesis of viral proteins, making it harder for viruses to infect the protected cell.

Front 70

Pyrogens

Back 70

Chemical released by macrophages which cause the brain to raise body temperature (fever)

Front 71

Major histocompatibility complex

Back 71

Protein that every cell has on his serface marking it as self. But when infected they stop producing that proteine.

Front 72

Dendritic cell

Back 72

phagocyte on surface of the body. And passes on intelligence about the killed pathogen

Front 73

Four peptide chains only light colored ends vary.

(Produced by b-cells)

(tags or agglutinate)

Back 73

Antibody structure

Front 74

B-cells

Back 74

Out of lymphocytes grow in the bone marrow.

= responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

Binds to the antigen. This activates the B cell to grow and multiply rapidly.

Front 75

T-cells

Back 75

Out of lymphocytes grow in the thymus.

= responsible for cell-mediated immunity

They need APC to recognize a antigen.

Carry CD4 or CD8 protein

Front 76

Helper t cells (CD4 cell)

Back 76

Commands other cells to attack.

Inactive helper t-cell with CD4 receptor.

Attaches itself to a presented antigen (APC)

THEN it differntiates into ...... and undergoes mitosis.

MOst of the clones produce cytokines the others change in Memory T cells.

Drops cytokines.

Front 77

Antigen presenting cell (APC)

Back 77

= cells (macrophages/activated B cells) that engulf foreign particles, partially digest them and display fragments of the antigens on their surfaces

It basicly presents the MHC of the pathogen

Front 78

Plasma cell (b-cell)

Back 78

= secrete their antibodies into the lymph and ultimately into the blood plasma.

Antibodies encounter matching antigens, bind to them and create an antigen-antibody complex

Front 79

Memory cells (b-cell)

Back 79

= remain inactive until that same antigen reappears in the body, store information about the pathogen.

> long-term immunity

Front 80

Memory T- cells (CD4)

Back 80

Come out of the clonal expansion of the helper t- Cell.

when presented with it again, they reactivate (quicker than at first)

Front 81

Cytokines

Back 81

Signaling molecules which stimulate phagocytes.

Front 82

Perforin

Back 82

opens space in the enemy cell for cytotoxic t- cell to let bombs pass

Front 83

Granzyme

Back 83

Kills enemy cell from inside. Dropped in by cytotoxic cell. But made by the protein wall perforin.

Front 84

Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8)

Back 84

CD8 cells clone and directly attack and destroy the other cells

Kill all foreign cells (problem for transplantations)

Front 85

Memory T-cells (CD8)

Back 85

Come out of the clonal expansion of the cytotoxic t-cell

when presented with it again, they reactivate (quicker than at first)

Front 86

Vaccine

Back 86

= weak antigen-containing preparation

Front 87

Gamma globulin shot

Back 87

= prepared antibodies (saves time)

Effective against existing infection.

Front 88

Antibiotics

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

(effective against several groups of bacteria)

Back 88

kill bacteria or inhibit their growth.

Takes advantages of that bacteria have thick cell wall, smaller ribosomes, lose DNA and fast protein synthesis and humans dont.

Front 89

Immunosuppresive drugs

Back 89

block the immune response, after a transplantation.

Front 90

Anaphylactic shock

Back 90

Circulatory collapse, fall in blood pressure.

Solved by epinephrine because it dilates airway and constricts peripheral blood vessels, preventig shock.

Front 91

Upper respiratory tract

Back 91

nose and pharynx;

Front 92

Lower respiratory tract

Back 92

larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

Front 93

Sinus

Back 93

air spaces inside the skull, lined with tissue that secretes mucus.

Front 94

Pharynx

Back 94

Throat

Front 95

Auditory tubes

Back 95

At the upper pharynx.

They drain the middle ear cavities and equalize air pressure between middle and oudside ear.

Front 96

Larynx

Back 96

voice box serves to maintain an open airway, rout food and air into the right channels and assist in the production of sound.

Front 97

Epiglottis

Back 97

flexible flap of cartilage which blocks the opening to the larynx when swallowing.

Front 98

Vocal cords

Back 98

to folds of connective tissue that extend across the airway, surrounding the opening called the glottis.

Front 99

Trachea

Back 99

consists of C-shaped, incomplete cartilage rings, held together by connective tissue and smooth muscle;

Front 100

Bronchioles

Back 100

smaller airways that lack cartilage.

Front 101

3 right

2 left

Back 101

Lung lobes :

Front 102

Pleural membranes

Back 102

two membranes (lines lungs/lines thoracic cavity) with fluid in between (reduces friction).

Front 103

Alveolus

Back 103

tiny air-filled sacs, cluster at the end of every terminal bronchiole, a thin bubble of living squamous epithelial cells only one cell layer thick.

Front 104

Surfactant

Back 104

certain cells produce a lipoprotein, that coats the interior of the alveoli and reduces surface tension (otherwise alveoli would collapse).

Front 105

Intercostal muscles

Back 105

Muscles on the ribcage helping breath.

Front 106

Relaxed stat (Lung)

Back 106

No air movement

Front 107

Expiration

Back 107

Air flows out

Front 108

Tidal volume

Back 108

= how much air a normal breath represents

Front 109

Dead space volume

Back 109

air inhaled which is not used for gas exchange.

Front 110

Vital capacity

Back 110

Inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve

Front 111

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 111

additional air that can be inhaled;

Front 112

expiratory reserve volume

Back 112

additional air that can forcibly exhaled

Front 113

Risidual volume

Back 113

some air always remains in the lungs.

Front 114

Spirometer

Back 114

measures lung capacity.

Front 115

In the blood polasma as bicarbonate

Back 115

Carbon dioxide main transportation

Front 116

Consious control can modify regulatory control but cannot override it completly

Back 116

Concious vs regulatory control over breathing

Front 117

Asthma

Back 117

= characterized by spasmodic contraction of bronchi bronchial swelling an increased production of mucus; caused by an hyperactive immune system, the body reacts to allergens with excessive production of immunoglobulin

release of histamine etc. leading to inflammation and constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle. (relaxation of vessels but constriction of airways)

Front 118

Emphysema

Back 118

= chronic disorder involving damage to the alveoli; It begins with destruction of connective tissue in the airways, as a result they become less elastic do not stay open properly and tend to collapse during expiration. This causes high pressure in the lungs which damages the fragile alveoli.

Front 119

Bronchitis

Back 119

Inflammation of the bronchi.

Can be acute or chronic, symptoms are wheezing breathlessness and a persistent cough that yields yellowish or greenish phlegm.

Front 120

Cystic firbosis

Back 120

= a single defective gene causes the mucus-producing cells to produce a thick, sticky mucus, the disease affects other organs as wall. The thick mucus impedes air flow and also provides a site for the growth of bacteria.

Front 121

Colds and flu

Back 121

Caused by viruses, highly contagious but not very virulent. Upper respiratory infection (???): symptoms: coughing, runny nose, nasal congestion and sneezing.

??? symptoms: sore throat, fever, cough, sometimes aches and chills, muscle pains and headache.

Front 122

Pneumonia

Back 122

= infection caused by viruses or bacteria. Alveoli secrete excess fluid, impairing the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Symptoms: fever, chills, shortness of breath and a cough that yields yellow-greenish phlegm and sometimes blood.

Front 123

Tuberculosis

Back 123

= bacterial infection that scars the lungs .mycobacterium tuberculosis. Disease spreads via lymphatic vessels and may enter the bloodstream. Symptoms: coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss.

Front 124

Botulism: Poisoning by bacterial toxin

Back 124

= form of poisoning caused by clostridium botulinum, found in improperly cooked or preserved foods.

The bacterium produces a powerful toxin that blocks the transmission of nerve signals to skeletal muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Front 125

Lung cancer

Back 125

= uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. In the lungs, abnormal cells impede normal function: movement of air in the lungs and/or exchange of gases in the alveoli.

Front 126

(1) Pneumothorax and (2) atalectasis

Back 126

1. collapse of one or more lobes of the lungs. (Most common cause is a penetrating wound, that allows air into the pleural cavity.)

2.lack of gas exchange within the lung, as a result of alveolar collapse or a build-up of fluid within alveoli.

Front 127

Mesothelioma (deadly cancer of the lining of the lungs)

Back 127

Exposure to asbestos

Front 128

congestive heart failure

Back 128

blood backs up in the pulmonary blood vessels

Front 129

External respiration

Back 129

The exchange of gases between inhaled air and blood

Front 130

Internal respiration

Back 130

The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid.

Front 131

Cellular respiration

Back 131

The process of using oxygen to produce ATP within cells. Cellular respiration generates carbon dioxide as a waste product.