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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
when does the palmar grasp reflex disappear? |
2mo |
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when does the rooting/suckling reflex disappear? |
3mo |
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what is the moro reflex, and when does it disappear? |
arms and legs extend upon being startled, gone by 4mo old |
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what is the babinski reflex, and when does it disappear? |
lift big toe when bottom of foot is stroked. gone by 1yo! the latest one. (except for the tracking reflex, following a human face, which never disappears). |
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whats the mnemonic for the reflexes? |
prom baby 2,3,4,12: PRMB 2/3/4/12 palm, rooting, moro, babinsky 2mo/3mo |
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at what age should a child be able to lift its head when laying prone? social smile? coos or gurgles? |
1-3 months old for all. 1-3 lift smile coo. one to three LSC |
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at what age should a child be able to sit unassisted? reach for objects? grasp items with full hand? attach to caregiver? recognize familiar people? babble and repeat sounds? |
4-6mo for all. four to six, sits picks grips (points grabs attaches) |
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what age does a baby crawl on hands and knees? pulls self to stand up? transfers toys between hands? uses pincer grip? (thumb and forefinger) displays normal stranger anxiety? plays peek a boo? waves, uses gestures? responds to name and simple instructions? |
all 7-11 months old. |
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when does a baby usually walk unassisted? |
12-15mo |
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when does a baby show separation anxiety? |
after stranger anxiety (7-11mo): 12-15mo. |
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when is object permanence developed? Ie when does a child know something is behind an object when they can't see it? |
12-15mo |
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when does a baby say its first words? |
around 1yo, 12-15mo |
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what is object permanence? |
establishing the mental image of an object without seeing it, especially of the caregiver. thats why separation anxiety happens around 12-15mo, the same time object permanence is developing. rapprochement seen at 1.5yo because of this development. |
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are infants exposed to many caregivers more or less likely to develop stranger anxiety? |
less likely. |
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how many blocks should a baby be able to stack by age 3? |
9! blocks = age times 3 |
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when can a child use 10 words? |
1.5yo |
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when can a child feed self w utensils? |
2yo |
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when do children exhibit parallel play? |
2-4yo |
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when do children know 200 words? |
age 2. also speak in 2-word sentences. terrible two's. "me-do", language is lots of pronouns |
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when can a child name body parts? |
age 2 |
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when can a child ride a tricycle? what other milestones should come with this age? |
age 3, speaks with 1000 words, copies a circle. understands 3500 words, identifies colors, speaks in complete sentences, now understood by strangers |
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when can a child undress itself? when can it dress itself? |
undress and partially dress at age 3, dresses independently with buttons and zippers by age 4 |
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when can a child climb stairs with alternating feet? |
age 3 |
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when can a child balance on one foot for 1s? |
age 2 |
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when can a child copy a cross? |
age 4 |
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when does cooperative play begin? |
age 4 |
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when does imaginative or magical thinking begin? |
age 4 |
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when are kids afraid of irrational things like monsters? |
age 4 |
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when do kids comprehend and use prepositions (under, above) |
age 4. the age of tales/legends |
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when can a child catch a ball with two hands? one hand? arms? |
2 hands: age 5 arms: age 4 one hand: unknown, older than 5 tho... |
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when can a child copy a square? |
age 5 |
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when can a child copy a triangle? |
age 6 |
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when can a child copy a diamond? |
age 7 |
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when is a child toilet trained? |
age 3-5 |
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when can a child ride a bike without training wheels? |
age 6 |
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when can a child tie shoes? |
age 5 |
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when can a child climb stairs while holding on? |
18mo old |
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when can a child climb stairs alone? |
2yo |
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when can a child kick a ball/ |
2yo |
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when does a child typically make coo sounds |
2-3mo |
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when does a child identify colors? |
3 years old |
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when can a child start reading? |
6 years old. |
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when is stranger anxiety normal? |
6-9mo |
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when is separation anxiety normal? |
10-16 months. |
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when do kids have temper tantrums? |
terrible twos! 16-24mo |
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when does a child have object constancy? |
2-3yo, mauler's consolidation stage. eriksons shame and doubt vs autonomy, page's proportional stage. this is a very egocentric stage. parallel play. |
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when is initiative vs guilt? |
3-5yo |
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when is differentiation? |
4-10mo (mahler) |
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when is phallic stage? |
3-5/6yo |
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when is latency? |
6-11/12 |
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when is oral |
0-1yo |
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when is freud's anal? |
1-3yo |
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when is freud's genital stage? |
11/12 to the end of adolescence. |
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when is Mahler's autistic stage? |
0-1mo |
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when is mauler's symbiotic stage? |
3wks to 5mo old |
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when is mahler's practicing stage? |
10-16mo old |
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when is mauler's rappraoachment phase? |
16-24mo |
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when is object constancy? (mahler's) |
2-3yo |
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when is mauler's differentiation stage? |
5-10mo |
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when is eriksons trust vs mistrust? |
0-1yo |
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when is erikson's initiative vs guilt? |
3-5yo |
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when is eriksons autonomy vs shame and doubt? |
1-3yo |
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when is erikson's identity vs role confusion? |
11-adolescence (20) |
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when is erikson's intimacy vs isolation? |
20s to 40s |
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when is eriksons ego integrity vs despair/ |
60s to death |
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when is eriksons generatively vs stagnation? |
40s and 50s to 60s. |
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when is formal ops? |
11-end of adolescence |
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when is concrete ops? |
7-11 |
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when is the pre-operational phase? |
2-7yo |
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when is Piaget's sensory motor stage? |
0-2yo |
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which theorist focuses on development through relationships? |
mahler |
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which theorist focuses on physcosocial aspects of development? |
erikson |
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which theorist focuses on cognitive development? |
piaget |
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when is it normal for a child to have sexual fantasies about their parent? |
3-5, freud's oedipal/phallic stage. |
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when is it normal to do trial and error learning? |
4-10 mo (piaget), mahler's differentiation, erikson's trust/mistrust. Freud's oral |
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when does the grasp reflex disappear? |
10-16mo according to our slides. |
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when does object permanence become established? |
1-2yo |
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when does object constancy become established? |
2-3yo, Mahler's consolidation, eriksons autonomy vs shame and doubt |
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when does gender become established? |
by age 3 |
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what are the 4 dopaminergic tracts in the brain? what are their functions? |
nigrostriatal (DA for motor function), tuberoinfundibular (DA inhibits prolactin), mesolimbic (DA for reward system), mesocortical (DA for cognition and emotion). |
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which dopaminergic tract projects from the hypothalamus to the pituitary? |
tuberoinfundibular |
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which dopaminergic tract projects from the ventral tegmenjtum to the frontal lobe and limbic area? |
mesocortical, mediates cognition and emotion. |
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which dopaminergic tract goes from the ventral tegmental area to the limbic system? |
the one for reward/addiction/pleasure speaking: mesolimbic. |
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what is the pathway of the nigrostriatal tract? |
substantia nigra to the striatum... permits propper motor function. |
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what neurotransmitter may be unregulated as a treatment for anxiety? |
gamma amino butyric acid. GABA |
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which neurotransmitter is made in the raphe nuclei? |
serotonin, 5ht |
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when low, this neurotransmitter causes depression and anxiety |
serotonin |
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when low, this neurotransmitter causes depression and pain |
norepinephrine/noradrenaline |
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which NT balances DA in the striatum/ |
acetyl choline |
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which neurotransmitter modulates stress, pain, and mood? |
endogenous peptides: enkephalins and endorphins |
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which neurotransmitter is involved in cognition, psychosis, seizures? |
glutamate! principal excitatory. |
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what are the 3 types of glutamate neurotransmitters? |
AMPA, NMDA, kainate |
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where is most serotonin made |
90% in the gut. small amount, but for the brain, made in raphe nuclei |
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which NT is associated with good mood and healthy sleep patterns? |
5HT |
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which neurotransmitter projects diffusely from the brainstem to other parts of the brain and spinal cord? |
5HT! |
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which neurotransmitter is made from dopamine in the locus coerulaeus? |
NOREPINEPHRINE |
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which neurotransmitter is made in the brainstem and projects all throughout the brain ant the body? |
NE |
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which NT is involved in processing data, insight, learning and memory, attention, arrousal and fear? |
NE!!! |
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which NT is made in the nucleus basalis? |
Acetyl choline |
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which neurotransmitter is used by the autonomic nervous system and NMJs |
ACh |
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which NT projects from the nucleus basalis of meyenhert and the septum to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus? |
acetyl choline! |
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what is the first neurotransmitter? |
acetyl choline!!! |
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where is broca's area? |
frontal lobe of the DOMINANT hemisphere, broca boca talk. can understand but can't talk, called non-fluent aphasia. |
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which part of the brain is likely damaged in a patient who can talk but can't understand a single word |
wernickies, the temporal lobe. |
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what gestational age does the neural tube form? |
25d, or 5wks clocker question... |
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what gestational age does the midbrain, hindbrain, and forebrain form? |
40d |
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what gestational age does the spinal cord develop? |
40d |
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what gestational age does the cerebral hemisphere develop? |
100d |
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is a baby born with a developed cerebellum? |
yes, its just not fully mature.. forms at d100 |
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when does the brainstem (pons, medulla) develop? |
100d in utero |
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how much of the brain is developed by age 5-6? |
95%, still has 5% more growth over next 15 years... |
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when does the frontal lobe develop? |
myelinated around 20s. kids are emotional bc limbic system myelinated and loses grey matter first. |
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why can you learn a second language better if you're exposed to it at 9mo? |
because synapse formation depends on early experiences, sensory input like vision and sound first, language peaks by 1yo, higher cognition peaks around 8yo. |
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when does brain synapse formation begin to slow? |
by late elementary to the end of adolescence. synapses then prune to refine circuits |
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how does the environment effect behavior, emotion, intellect, and physical traits? |
altering gene expression (epigenetics) |
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what are the 4 parts of the basal ganglia? |
striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. |
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what does the basal ganglia do? |
projects info from cortex to frontal lobes via thalamus. translates desire to move into movement. |
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what diseases are associated with the basal ganglia? |
parkinsons, huntingtons, tourettes. |
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Thomas and chess defined temperament as an unchanging personality trait. which one is most common? |
easy: 40%, approaches unfamiliar objects and people with a happy mood. |
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which temperament is most prone to psychiatric issues in childhood and adolescence? |
difficult, 10% of ppl, minimum regularity, irritable, withdrawn, poorly adapted |
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a child has trouble adapting to change. how would you characterize his temper? |
slow to warm up. 15% of ppl |
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what are the parts of the brainstem? |
pons, medulla, midbrain |
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what does the dorsolateral convexity do? (frontal lobe) |
ability to memorize, responsible for executive functions. |
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what does the orbitofrontal cortex do? (frontal lobe) |
biological drive, judgement, mood, reward, behavior. |
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what does the medial cortex do? (frontal lobe) |
responsible for issues with incontinence, MOLLY (medial), it overlaps with both the dorsolateral convexity and the orbitofrontal cortex. its for understanding appropriate behavior. |
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which hemisphere is dominant in most people? |
the left brain, right handed people. |
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what psych condition results from excess sympathetic output? |
anxiety |
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what is the non dominant hemisphere responsible for? |
facial recognition, art, music, spatieal relations. |
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which hemisphere is responsible for language, academic skills? |
the dominant hemisphere, 90-95% of people's left brain. |
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fluent aphasia describes a brain lesion where? |
wernickes. can speak, can't understand. (nonfluent aphasia is broca's, boca, mexicans. nonfluent) |
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what is the dopamine hypothesis to psychiatry? |
mesocortical negative symptoms are allogia, affect, apathy, audition, anhedonia. (DA from VTA to frontal and limbic lobes mediates cognition and emotion) mesolimbic positive symptoms are hallucinations, delusions, bizarre or disorganized speech and behavior. (DA from VTA to limbic system, reward circuit) |
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a lesion to the left prefrontal lobe causes _____ |
depression |
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a lesion to the right prefrontal lobe causes ______ |
euphoria
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a lesion to the temporal or parietal lobe causes _____ in the dominant hemisphere, and ______ in the non dominant hemisphere |
dominant tempoparietal: landuage, readint, writing deficits. nondominanty: spatial, facial, kinesthetci routines deficited. |
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The limbic system or papez circuit is responsible for what? |
emotion, olfaction, memnory. so it involves the hippocampus, amygdala, and olfactory bulb among other things. |
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where is the limbic system roughly? |
inner cortex, medial brain |
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what does the paper circuit do? |
influences the endocrine system, mediates between hypothalamus and cerebral cortex, mostly for fear, rage, emotions, olfaction, all linked to memory. |
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what is the limbic system comprised of? |
cingulate gyrus, septim, olfactory bulb, hippocampyus, thalamus, amygdala, mamillary body, fornix, and dentate gyrus. |
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memory in the paper circuit uses what 2 parts? |
mamiliary body and hippocampus. |
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when is rebellious behavior normal? |
11-14yo |
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when is risk taking and feelings of invincibility/omnipotence normal? |
14-17 |
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when do people establish responsibility, self control, and stable relationships? |
17-20 |
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when is erikson's identity vs role confusion? |
12-18yo. |
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when does a child understand that death is irreversible? |
6yo |
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when is the superego? |
6-12yo freud. concrete ops, syllogistic reasoning |
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when can a child place objects in order serially? |
6-12yo |
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when can a child understand that pouring water in a different sized container does not change the amount of liquid? |
6yo-12yo. this is conservation. |
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when are morals established in kids? |
6-12yo |
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when is parental consent not needed? |
around adolescence for sex, drugs, rock n roll. (emergencies, sexual health treatment, drug abuse treatment) |
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when interviewing adolescents, what should always be asked about? |
HEADSS: home, education, activities drugs, sex, suicide |
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what are the greatest risk factors for suicide in the elderly? |
loosing a spouse being male over age 55 living alone having failing health |
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what is thanatology? |
the study of reactions to death in those who are dying and grieving |
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what is the difference between grief and mourning? |
grief is the conscious impact on loss of an individual, ones stature, or ones position. it can have emotional, physical , conducive, behavioral, social and philosophical dimensions, mourning is the process of resolving grief. you get over it in the morning by mourning |
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what age has the highest rate of suicide? |
over age 85!!! males. women barely effected as much. |
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why is it important to treat depression in adults over age 65, even those in hospice (w/i 6mo of death)? |
improves QOL, which is what hospice is all about, but also because depression is associated with memory loss. if someone is having demential like symptoms but is also sad, it could be pseudo dementia, caused by depression . |
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when do kids develop morals? |
6-12yo |
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what age is formal ops, abrstract thought? |
12-18 |
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what are some markers for 20year olds |
relinquished fantasies. full-time job with taxes, vote, drink, independence, accountability, deciding own values and belief systems. |
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how old is someone whose relationship with that of parents sees them as equals? |
20s |
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does myelination of brain continue into 30s? |
yes, especially in the frontal cortex. hence improving judgement and formal rules of logic |
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when do most ppl get married? |
women by 25, men by 27. |
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what are the biggest risks for divorce? |
female docs, psychiatrists, dentists, teen marriage, women older than man by 10yrs or more, premarital pregnancy, death of a child, short scourtship, mental health issues like anxiety, physical health issues, stress, substance abudes, FHx of divorce, different religions, different SESs btw partners. |
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at what age is ones role in society defined? |
30s |
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what are the developmental tasks for 30yo's? |
resolving issues with family, finding a permanent life partner,t reappraisal of desires, goals, values. growth vs emotional stagnation |
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when is the midlife crisis? |
40s to 50s |
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how do men and women handle the midlife crisis differently? |
men externalize, buy car, quit job, bang randos, cheat on wife, while women internalize, get depressed, and threaten for divorce. |
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what triggers the midlife crisis? |
signs of aging, empty nest, stressful events, death of parents, boredom with job, hormonal changes |
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what is the taks for Erickson's ego integrity vs despair? |
late adulthood, 60s, taks is to keep identity intact during the last crisis, obtain a sense of morality and accomplishment, no fear of death, no regrets |
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what are the Kubler ross stages of death dying and grief? |
shock and disbelief anger, fear, loss of control bargaining w god, doctors, etc depression acceptance. SABDA la vista baby |
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whats the difference between hospice and palliative care? |
hospice is within 6mo of death, stop all aggressive treatments, focus on QOL. palliative is within a year or more of death, manage symptoms, reduce suffering, etc. |
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what are advance directive? |
formal documents to direct healthcare decisions, like a living will or healthcare proxy. |
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when are homosexual encounters normal? |
7-11yo |
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when does a child idealize other pals parents? |
7-11 |
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what age is best for elective surgeries? |
7-11, no longer fear bodily harm as much |
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in what ages does a child copy a circle, cross, square, triangle, and diamond |
C+STD: 3-4-5-6-7 |
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when do kids act out in response to things like troubles or stresses at home? |
7-11yo |
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how many words does a 2year old know? |
2 zeros times 2: 200 (250, but this will get you close. 3yo has 3 zeros, roughly 1000). |
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when is the identity crisis? |
18-20yo, late adolescence |
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someone suffering from role confusion in late adolescence is likely to engage in what behaviors? |
cults, crime |
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when is first menarche and first ejaculation? |
age 11-14 females 12-15 males |
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how old is daily masturbation normal? |
11-20 |
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when do kids have body image issues? |
middle adolescence, 15-17 |
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when do kids have obsessive crushes with famous people gay or straight? |
middle adolescence 15-17 |
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what mnemonics to recall early development? |
parents start observing (0-12mo) child rearing working (12-36mo) don't forget (they're still) learning (3-5yo) P: primitive reflexes dissappear, postureal changes, Picks, pass pincer points S: social smile, stranger then separation anxiety 6and9mo res) O: orients, object permanence, oratory C: cruises, cubes (3xage in yrs), Cultured, Cicks ball by 2yo R:ecreation, realization (gender), rapproachment W: words 200ish by 2 D: drive trike, drawing, dexterity F: freedom (obj const age 3), friends cooperative age 4 L: language 1000 words, and legends by age 4 |
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how old is a kid who fears death? monsters? |
9yo 6yo? |
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a 7yo will be strict to the rules but a 12yo will bend them to help a loosing friend. why? |
12yo become empathetic, understands others opinions, morality |
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when would a boy think girls are gross? |
7-11, latency. |
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why does formal schooling start at 7yo |
concrete ops kick in. ability to reason, learn math (piaget), toys can be both red and metal, conservation understood. etc |