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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
____________ - blood cell production
hematopoiesis (or hemopoiesis)
2 types of bone structures
compact (lamellar) bone
spongy (cancellous) bone
What does lamellar mean?
consisting of thin concentric layers
___________ - the structural element of spongy bone, resembling a small arch
trabeculae
The joint surface on the epiphysis of a long bone is covered with __________.
hyaline cartilage (or articular cartilage)
Why do long bones enlarge at the epiphyses?
1. to strengthen and stabilize the joint
2. to provide added surface area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments
___________ - double-layered outer membrane fused to the surface of bones
periosteum
The periosteum has an inner osteogenic layer. What does this mean?
It is capable of forming bone.
What type of tissue makes up the outer layer of the periosteum?
dense irregular connective tissue proper
The periosteum is secured to underlying bone by collagenous fibers called _____________.
Sharpey's fibers
_____________ - delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone
endosteum
What 2 cell types are found in the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum?
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
Tendons and ligaments attach to the ______________ of bone.
periosteum
What is the basic structure of short, irregular, and flat bones?
thin plates of compact bone on the outside with spongy bone sandwiched between
In the cranium, spongy bone is called _________.
diploë
What type of bone marrow produces the formed elements of blood?
red bone marrow
What type of bone marrow consists primarily of hematopoietic cells within a reticular connective tissue proper?
red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow is primarily...
adipose tissue (fat)
Where is red bone marrow found in the newborn baby?
At birth, all bone marrow is red marrow.
Where is red bone marrow found in the adult?
the spongy bone of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and most of the pelvis and within the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus
Why do children have a greater proportion of red bone marrow?
As a child grows in stature, the blood volume must also grow.
__________ - bone-forming cells
osteoblasts
__________ - cells that resorb the bone matrix
osteoclasts
__________ - unmineralized bone matrix
osteoid
What is osteoid is composed of?
proteoglycans and collagen
What cells secrete osteoid?
osteoblasts
What important property does osteoid impart to bone?
Osteoid imparts a degree of flexibility to the bone, making the bone less brittle.
What are the primary mineral salts in bone?
calcium phosphate
calcium hydroxide
________ – the structural unit of compact bone
osteon
_________ – the process of bone tissue formation
osteogenesis (or ossification)
All of the bones of the skeleton below the base of the skull (except the clavicles) are formed by __________.
endochondral ossification
The flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles are formed by ____________.
intramembranous ossification
In the process of _____________, bone forms by replacing a hyaline cartilage model.
endochondral ossification
Postnatal longitudinal bone growth occurs from the ____________.
epiphyseal plates
Bones can continue to increase in thickness or diameter throughout life by ______________.
appositional growth
What process of bone growth involves the osteogenic layer of the periosteum?
appositional bone growth
During infancy and childhood, epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by __________.
growth hormone
___________ – an active process in which bone is resorbed and deposited
bone remodeling
Bone remodeling is necessary to...
1. repair microfractures
2. reshapes bones in response to use and disuse
3. maintain Ca2+ and phosphate homeostasis
State Wolff’s law.
A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.
____________ – a deficiency in blood Ca2+
hypocalcemia
____________ - an excess of blood Ca2+
hypercalcemia
Under conditions of ______________, the parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH).
hypocalcemia
What effects does PTH have on the kidneys?
1. PTH stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys, decreasing the loss of Ca2+ in the urine.
2. PTH stimulates the kidneys to release the active form of vitamin D.
__________ - the active form of vitamin D
calcitrol
What effect does PTH have on bone?
PTH increases numbers and activity of osteoclasts, stimulating Ca2+ release from the bones.
How does calcitrol help to increase the plasma Ca2+ concentration?
Calcitrol increases the absorption of Ca2+ from the diet.
Under conditions of ___________, the thyroid gland secretes the hormone calcitonin.
hypercalcemia
What effect does calcitonin have on bone?
Calcitonin inhibits osteooclasts and increases the number and activity of osteoblasts.
What effect does calcitonin have on the kidneys?
Calcitonin inhibits Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing Ca2+ excretion into the urine.