Human A&p Chapter 5 Integumentary System

Front 1

The organ that includes the cutaneous membrane and skin appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, etc..)

Back 1

the integument

Front 2

The largest organ system of the body

Back 2

the integumentary system

Front 3

Skin is a cutaneous membrane consisting of 2 parts: the _______ and ________.

Back 3

epidermis
dermis

Front 4

Describe the epidermis.

Back 4

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 5

Describe the dermis.

Back 5

2 layers
the papillary layer - areolar connective tissue proper
the reticular layer - dense irregular connective tissue proper

Front 6

Where is the dermis?

Back 6

just deep to the epidermis

Front 7

List the protective functions of skin.

Back 7

1. protects the underlying tissue against mechanical stress and abrasion
2. protects against fluid loss and dessication of the underlying tissue
3. protects against micro-organisms invading the body
4. protects the underlying tissue against UV-damage by the sun

Front 8

How does the integument protect against micro-organisms?

Back 8

1. tight junctions keep micro-organisms out
2. the acid mantle (low pH of skin secretions) slows the growth of micro-organisms on the skin
3. skin secretions have bactericidal components
4. the skin contains cells of the immune system

Front 9

Term describing the regulation of body temperature

Back 9

thermoregulation

Front 10

How is the integument involved in thermoregulation?

Back 10

1. sweat gland secretions
2. dilation or constriction of dermal blood vessels

Front 11

When the body is overheated, dermal blood vessels will __________.
Explain.

Back 11

dilate
This brings more blood to the body's surface where extra heat can radiate out of the body.

Front 12

When the body is too cold, dermal blood vessels will __________.
Explain.

Back 12

constrict
This conserves heat in the body by bringing less blood to the body's surface where body heat could radiate away.

Front 13

How is the integument involved in Ca²⁺ homeostasis?

Back 13

Vitamin D3 (a precursor of the active form of vitamin D) is created by the action of UV light in dermal blood vessels.

Front 14

The active form of vitamin D.

Back 14

calcitrol

Front 15

Why is calcitrol important for Ca²⁺ homeostasis?

Back 15

Calcitrol helps maintain Ca²⁺ homeostasis by enhancing the absorption of Ca²⁺ from the gastrointestinal tract.

Front 16

Cells that produce the pigment melanin.

Back 16

melanocytes

Front 17

Phagocytic antigen-presenting cells found in the epidermis.

Back 17

Langerhans' cells

Front 18

Cells in the epidermis that function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings.

Back 18

Merkel cells

Front 19

Merkel cell + nerve ending = ?

Back 19

Merkel disc (or tactile disc)

Front 20

Epithelial cells, specialized for the cutaneous membrane, that produce large amounts of the fibrous protein keratin.

Back 20

keratinocytes

Front 21

The epithelium of the integument

Back 21

the epidermis

Front 22

The connective tissue supporting the epithelium of the integument

Back 22

the dermis

Front 23

The epithelial cells of the epidermis have extra-strong intermediate filaments, called tonofilaments. Tonofilaments are made from the protein _________.

Back 23

keratin

Front 24

List the 5 layers of the epidermis of thick skin in order from the basal layer to the apical surface.

Back 24

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

Front 25

Which layer of the epidermis...?

Kerotinocytes undergo constant cell division.

Back 25

stratum basale

Front 26

Alternative name for the stratum basale...

Explain.

Back 26

stratum germinativum
Cell division in the stratum basale produces the cells of the more superficial strata.

Front 27

The skin pigment that strongly absorbs UV light.

Back 27

melanin

Front 28

Which layer of the epidermis...?

The keratinocytes continue to produce keratin, which they assemble into thick bundles called tonofilaments.

Back 28

stratum spinosum

Front 29

Which layer of the epidermis...?

Cells are flattened due to dehydration.
Programmed cell death begins.

Back 29

stratum granulosum

Front 30

Which layer of the epidermis...?

Cells contain dark-staining granules...

Back 30

stratum granulosum

Front 31

What is apoptosis?

Back 31

programmed-cell death

an orderly series of steps by which cells commit suicide

Front 32

Which layer of the epidermis...?

The "clear layer" visible only in thick skin...

Back 32

stratum lucidum

Front 33

Which layer of the epidermis...?

The cells in this layer are dead, flat, dehydrated membranous sacs filled with keratin.
accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness

Back 33

stratum corneum

Front 34

The more superficial layer of the dermis.

Back 34

the papillary layer

Front 35

The deeper layer of the dermis...

Back 35

the reticular layer

Front 36

What type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis?

Back 36

areolar connective tissue proper

Front 37

What type of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis?

Back 37

dense irregular connective tissue proper

Front 38

Dermal papillae are most prominent in _______________.

Back 38

thick skin

Front 39

Which layer accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin?

Back 39

the reticular layer of the dermis

Front 40

In the reticular layer of the dermis, ______________ are oriented to follow lines of tension in the skin.

Back 40

collagen fibers

Front 41

Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin composed of fat cells and areolar connective tissue proper...

Back 41

the hypodermis

Front 42

The tough connective tissue wrapping skeletal muscles...

Back 42

fascia

Front 43

sweat glands

Back 43

sudoriferous glands

Front 44

oil glands

Back 44

sebaceous glands

Front 45

List the different skin appendages.

Back 45

sweat glands
oil glands
hair follicles and hair
nails

Front 46

The secretion produced by sebaceous glands...

Back 46

sebum

Front 47

What does sebum do for the skin?

Back 47

Sebum softens and lubricates skin and hair and is bactericidal.

Front 48

Sebaceous glands mode of secretion...

Back 48

holocrine

Front 49

Sudoriferous glands that produce sensible perspiration...

Back 49

merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

Front 50

Visible sweat is referred to as ______________.

Explain why?

Back 50

sensible perspiration

Sensible perspiration represents water loss for a reason - to cool the body as it evaporates.

Front 51

Physiologists refer to sweating as _________.

Back 51

diaphoresis

Front 52

Merocrine sweat glands are particularly abundant on the...

Back 52

palms of hands, soles of feet, and forehead

Front 53

Sudoriferous glands that produce odorless secretion that takes on a musky odor after decomposition by bacteria.

Back 53

apocrine sweat glands

Front 54

Which regions of the body are densely populated by apocrine sweat glands?

Back 54

the axillae, genital region, areolae, and bearded regions of face

Front 55

Modified apocrine sweat glands in external ear canal that secrete ear wax...

Back 55

ceruminous glands

Front 56

The physiological term for ear wax.

Back 56

cerumen

Front 57

Where on the body is thick skin found?

Back 57

the palms, palmar surface of the digits, and soles of the feet

Front 58

Which stratum of the epidermis is apparent only in thick skin?

Back 58

the stratum lucidum

Front 59

__________ - skin devoid of hair

Back 59

glabrous skin