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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Each one carries a single positive charge
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protons
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bio-
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life
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di-
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two
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glyc-
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sweet
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iso-
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equal
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lip-
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fat
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-lyt
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dissolvable
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mono-
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one
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sacchar-
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sugar
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syn-
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together
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-valent
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having power
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Body functions depend on -----------
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cellular functions
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Cellular functions result from__________ changes
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chemical
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A life science called biological chemistry
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biochemistry
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Anything that has weight and takes up space
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matter
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All matter is composed of fundamental substances called
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elements
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chemical combinations of elements
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compounds
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elements required by the body in large amounts are called
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bulk elements
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Some elements that are toxic in large amounts but vital in very small amounts.
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Ultratrace elements
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The smallest complete units of elements
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Atoms
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Components of an atom:__&________
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Nucleus and electrons
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Small, with almost no weight and carry a charge that is ________
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negative
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Symbol Cl
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Chlorine
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Uncharged (electrically neutral) particle found in the nucleus
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neutron
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A particle that is electrically charged because it gained or lost one or more electrons.
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ion
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Formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms.
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molecule
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symbol O
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oxygen
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symbol C
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carbon
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symbol H
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hydrogen
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symbol N
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nitrogen
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symbol P
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phosphorus
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symbol K
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Potassium
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symbol S
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Sulfur
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Symbol Na
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Sodium
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symbol Mg
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magnesium
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symbol Co
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cobalt
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symbol Cu
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copper
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Symbol F
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Fluorine
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symbol I
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iodine
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symbol Fe
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Iron
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symbol Mn
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Manganese
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symbol Zn
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zinc
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Activity that forms or breaks bonds of atoms, ions or molecules___________ ___________
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chemical reaction
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Those being changed by chemical reactions
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Reactants
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Those formed by reactions' conclusions
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Products
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When bonds break to form simpler ions, atoms or molecules
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decomposition
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symbol of synthesis
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A + B (ra) AB
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variance in the atomic weight of an element is caused by the variance of the number of____
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neutrons
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What largely influences the interactions of atoms?
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Number of electrons
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T/F All isotopes of an atom chemically react in the same manner.
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True because they have the same number of electrons. Electrons determine the interactions.
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Unstable isotopes that will release energy or pieces of themselves are said to be_________
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radioactive
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Energy or atomic fragments released by unstable isotopes is called_____
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atomic radiation
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Three common forms of atomic radiation include
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alpha beta & gamma
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This radiation consists of very small particles (electrons), moves fast and can deeply penetrate matter.
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beta
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The most penetrating common form of radiation
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Gamma
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Gamma radiation is similar to
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X-radiation
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What is used to depict the numbers and kind of atoms in a molecule?
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Molecular formula
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When atoms of the same element combine, what are they called?
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a Molecule of that element
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If atoms of different elements combine, what are they called?
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compounds
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When atoms combine by forming bonds, they do what 3 possible things with electrons?
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gain, lose or share electrons
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The regions of space around a nucleus are called___________
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shells
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For atomic number 18 (or under) what is max electrons in 1st three shells?
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18
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chemically inactive
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inert
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outermost electron shells are filled in these atoms
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inert
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atoms with incompletely filled outer shells tend to _________ _________ or _________ electrons
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gain lose or share electrons
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atoms that gain or lose electrons
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ions
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symbol Na+
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sodium ion with a positive charge of +1
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symbol cl-
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chloride ion with a negative charge -1
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Oppositely charged ions ______________
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attract
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electrovalent bond
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ionic bond
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Example of ionic bond
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Sodium positive and chlorine negative
Na+ and Cl- unite to become NaCl (table salt) |
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Term when atoms bond by sharing electrons
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Covalent bonding
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When one pair of electrons are shared in bonding
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Single covalent bond
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When two pair of electrons are shared in bonding
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double covalent bond
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The anomaly existing in a polar molecule
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One atom slightly negative and another slightly positive.
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Where do the polar covalent bonds typically occur?
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Where hydrogen bonds to oxygen or nitrogen
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Why are polar molecules soluble in water?
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Because water molecules themselves are polar.
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The attraction of positive hydrogen of one polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen of another polar molecule is called ________ _______________
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hydrogen bond
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Usually atoms of each element form specific numbers of _________ ________
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chemical bonds
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hydrogen atoms form how many chemical bonds?
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only one
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oxygen atoms form how many chemical bonds?
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two
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Nitrogen atoms form how many chemical bonds?
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three
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Carbon atoms form how many chemical bonds?
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four
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Single lines or double lines used to represent respective bonds, are called ____________ ____________
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structural formulas
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Radiation that adds or removes electrons from atoms is called
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ionizing radiation
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SYMBOL OF DECOMPOSITION
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AB (ra) A + B
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Reactions particularly important in growth and repair
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Synthesis
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Reactions when food stuffs are digested and release energy
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Decomposition
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synonym for exchange reaction
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replacement reaction
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Symbol for exchange reaction
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AB + CD (ra) AD + CB
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Reaction when parts of two kinds of molecules trade positions
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Exchange reaction
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Example of exchange reaction
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Acid reacting with a base to produce water and salt
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Molecules that influence rates of reactions but are not consumed in the process
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Catalysts
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What does the polarity of water cause in ionically bound salts?
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The salts dissociate from one another NaCl becomes Na+ + Cl-
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Substances that release ions in water
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electrolytes
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Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water
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Acids
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symbol of reaction wherein electrolytes create acid by releasing hydrogen ions in water
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HCl becomes H+ + Cl-
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Electrolyte ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water
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bases
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Example of electrolyte that releases ions that combine with hydrogen to form a base
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NaOH (yields) Na+ + OH-
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Acids and bases can react to form water and electrolytes (called _____)
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salts
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Example of reaction of acid and base to create water and salt
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HCl + NaOH (ra) H2O + NaCl
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Three types of electrolytes ___ __ ___
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acids, bases, salts
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In acids (hydrogen ions ) what unit of measure tells us its concentration?
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grams of ions per liter of solution
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Shorthand system for acid concentration (grams of ions per liter of solution)
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pH scale
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As hydrogen ion concentration increases the pH number______________
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Decreases (becomes more acidic)
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What is the size increase or decrease between each whole number on the pH scale?
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Tenfold
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Because water ionizes to release equal acid and base ions, it is said to be _____________
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neutral
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What is the pH of neutral water
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pH is 7.0
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What is the complete range of the pH scale
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0 to 14
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egg white pH
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8.0
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hominy pH
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7.7
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human blood pH
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7.4
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sodium bicarbonate pH
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8.4
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borax pH
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9.2
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milk of magnesia pH
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10.5
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household ammonia pH
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11.5
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cows milk pH
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6.6
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dates pH
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6.2
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corn pH
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6.0
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white bread pH
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5.5
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cabbage pH
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5.3
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carrots pH
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5.0
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banana pH
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4.6
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tomato juice pH
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4.2
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grapes pH
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4.0
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sauerkraut pH
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3.5
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apple juice pH
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3.0
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vinegar pH
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2.4
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lemon juice pH
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2.3
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gastric juice pH
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2.0
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Example of water ionizing to become neutral
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H2O (ra) H+ + OH-
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When pH changes out of its natural range in the body the result is ___________
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illness
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Severe vomiting that would empty the alkaline small intestines would cause _______________
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acidosis
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Mild vomiting that depletes stomach acid would cause_____________
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alkalosis
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Two large groups of chemicals regarding metabolism__________ and_________
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organic and inorganic
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Most metabolic reactions occur in
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water
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Blood is mostly___________
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water
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The substance in blood that enables it to absorb and carry heat
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water
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Name four inorganic substances found in cells (w, o, cd, i.s.)
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water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and inorganic salts
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A complete atom has no charge because the number of electrons and protons are__________
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equal
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A solution that contains electrically charged particles (ions) will conduct an ____________ ____________
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electric current
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Because they dissolve in water or react in water to produce ions, inorganic chemicals are
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electrolytes
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Electrically uncharged particle of the nucleus
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Neutron
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Elements required in small amounts by the body are called__
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trace elements
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How many of the elements can be called naturally occurring matter?
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92
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Inert atoms cannot form ____________ __________
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chemical bonds
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Large particle found within the nucleus,carries a positive charge and is relatively large.
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proton
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Name of the reaction when two or more ions, atoms, or molecules bond into a more complex structure
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synthesis
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Organic chemicals that dissolve in water do not release ions and are called
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nonelectrolytes
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Otherwise very different, protons and neutrons are about equal in ___
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weight
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Smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element
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atom
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The number of protons in an atom, delineates its _________ ___________
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Atomic number
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The radiation that emits two neutrons and two protons, moves slowly and does not penetrate matter easily is called
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Alpha radiation
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The six bulk elements include carbon oxygen and hydrogen and also N_________,S________ and P_________.
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nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
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The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom essentially equal its __________ ___________
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atomic weight
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What does the subscript of an atom indicate?
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The number of atoms of a specific type in a given formula.
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What is the maximum electron total in the 1st three shells of an element having 18 or less electrons
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18 2 in 1st and 8 in each subsequent shell.
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When atoms have the same atomic number but different atomic weight they are called _____
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isotopes
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Why is the nucleus always positively charged?
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It contains protons
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extremely small particle with a negative electrical charge, almost no weight and in constant motion around a nucleus.
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electron
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nucle-
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kernel
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A molecule that has equal numbers of electrons and protons but one atom has more than its share of electrons
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polar molecule
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Large particles of the nucleus
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Protons and usually Neutrons
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Examples of bases s h,p h,m h,s b
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sodium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide magnesium hydroxide sodium bicarbonate |
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Blood pH of 7.5 to 7.8
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alkalosis
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formula carbon dioxide
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CO2
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formula chloride ions
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Cl-
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formula potasium ions
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K+
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Functions of water
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Major component of body fluids
Medium in which most biochemical reactions occur. Transports various chemical substances Helps regulate body temperature |
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Function of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-
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help maintain acid base balance
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acid examples c,h,a,p
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carbonic acid
hydrochloric acid acetic acid phosphoric acid |
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Examples of salt s c, a c, m s.
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sodium chloride
aluminum chloride magesium sulfate |
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Blood pH of 7.0 to 7.3
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Acidosis
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Formula Bicarbonate ions
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HCO3-
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formula Hydrogen ions
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H+
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Formula Sodium ions
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Na+
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Function of Oxygen
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Used in release of energy in glucose molecules
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Function of carbonate ions (CO3-2)
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component of bone tissue
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Chloride ions (Cl-)
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Help maintain water balance
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Function of hydrogen ions (H+)
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pH of the internal environment
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Sulfate ions (SO4-2)
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Help maintain polarization of cell membranes
acid-base balance |
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Carbohydrates classified by ____.
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Size: either simple or
complex |
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Acid characteristic
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Substance that releases hydrogen ions
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solutions with more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions are _____________
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acidic
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symbol water
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H2O
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formula calcium ions
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Ca+2
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Formula magnesium ions
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Mg+2
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formula sulfate ions
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SO4-2
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Magnesium ions (Mg+2)
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Component of bone tissue
required for certain metabolic processes. |
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Funtion of Phosphate ions (PO4-3)
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Required for synthesis of ATP
nucleic acids vital substances component of bone tissue Help maintain polarization of cell membranes. |
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Function of Potassium ions (K+)
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Required for polarization of cell membranes
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Important groups of organic substances in cells include c_________
l_________ p_________ n_________ a______ |
carbohydrates
lipids proteins nucleic acids |
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characteristic of base
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Substance that releases ions that can combine with hydrogen ions
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characteristic of salt
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substance formed by the reaction between an acid and a base
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Solution with fewer hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions
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basic
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formula oxygen
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O2
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formula carbonate ions
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CO3-2
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formula Phosphate ions
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PO4-3
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Function of carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Waste product that results from metabolism
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Function of Calcium ions (Ca+2
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Necessary for bone developement
Muscle contraction Blood clotting |
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Function of sodium ions (Na+)
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Required for polarization of cell membranes
Help maintain water balance |
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In carbohydrates the usual ratio of hydrogen to oxygen (give examples)
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2 to 1
IE:Glucose C6 H12 O6 sucrose C12 H22 O11 |
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A polysaccharide similar to starch that is synthesized by animals (including humans)
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glycogen
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Another name for complex carbohydrates built from many simple carbohydrates.
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polysaccharides
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a common name for simple carbohydrates
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sugars
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A single sugar: carbohydrate.
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Monosaccharide
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A double sugar: simple carbohydrate
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disaccharide
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Its molecules consist of branched chains of sugar units.
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glycogen
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Glucose (dextrose), fructose and galactose are__
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monosaccharides
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Monosaccharides include 3 to 7 carbon atoms and are structured in a ________ ______ or a ____.
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Straight chain or a ring
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Disaccharides consist of 2 ___ _______ units.
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six carbon units
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Examples of disaccharides include _______ and ________
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sucrose (table sugar)
and lactose (milk sugar) |
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Picture
C6 H12 O6 |
monosaccharide (glucose) may have a straight chain of carbon atoms
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glucose is also called
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dextrose
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picture
C6 H12 O6 |
Often glucose molecules form a ring structure
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picture
This shape symbolizes what |
ring structure of a glucose molecule
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What is the solubility characteristic of lipids?
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organic chemical soluble in organic liquids but insoluble in water.
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Most common lipids
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fats
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Primary use of fats
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supply energy for cellular activities
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Contrast Fats Hydrogen Oxygen ratio with that of carbohydrates. Example:
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Fats have a much lower oxygen ration than carbs. (The fat Tristearin: C57 H110 O6)
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The building blocks of fat molecules
______ _______and___________ |
Fatty acids and glycerol
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Of every fat molecule, one portion is always the same.
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The glycerol portion is the same in all fat molecules.
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At the end of the chain of carbon atoms, all fatty acids include a ________ group: (symbol).
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Carboxyl group (-COOH)
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What is characteristic of a saturated fatty acid?
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The carbon atoms are linked by single carbon-carbon bonds and each carbon atom binds as many hydrogen atoms as posible and thusly are SATURATED with hydrogen atoms.
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What is charasteristic of monounsaturated fatty acids?
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They are not 100% saturated with hydrogen atoms because there is one (mono) bonding that is double bonding between carbon-carbon atoms rather than all single bonded.
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What is characteristic if poly unsaturated fatty acids?
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They have two or more double bonds of carbon and thusly cant get maximally saturated with hydrogen atoms as in a single carbon-carbon bonding situation.
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How are fatty acids and glycerol united?
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Each glycerol molecule combines with three fatty acids. (triglyceride)
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Fat molecules that contain only the saturated fatty acids:
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Saturated fats
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Fat molecules that include unsaturated fatty acids are calle____________
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unsaturated fats
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