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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the size and location of the heart
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Size of a fist
located within the mediastinum and rests on the diaphragm extends from the 2nd-7th rib |
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What are the dimensions of the heart?
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14 cm long 9 cm wide and 6 cm thick
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what covers the heart?
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layered pericardium: visceral and parietal layer
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what is the visceral pericardium made up of?
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composed of a serous layer of thin connective tissue called the mesothelium with epithelium
responsible for secreting pericardial fluid for lubrication |
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what is the parietal pericardium layer made up of ?
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fibrous layer made of dense irregular tissue that lines the walls of the heart
this enables restriction of expansion of the heart |
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what is the pericardial cavity?
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the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium
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How are the layers organized?
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Fibrous (parietal layer)
Serous (visceral layer) Pericardial Cavity Connective Tissue Heart Muscle |
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what are the borders of the heart
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superior border
inferior border left border |
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where is the superior border located?
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it is the top of the triangle or the base and made up of the right and left atriums
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What is the inferior border located?
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wall of the right ventricle
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where is the left border located?
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next to the left ventricle
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what are the superficial features of the heart?
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Sulci
apex base |
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what are sulci?
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grooves where blood vessels that serve the heart are found there are 2 :coronary sulcus and interventricular suclus
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where is the apex located rib and heart wise?
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located 7.5 cm to the left of the midline and sits at the 5th intercostal
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what is the function of coronary vessels?
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provide oxygen and nutrients to the sides of the heart
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what is found atop the base of the heart?
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Contains exits for large blood vessels
Aorta and pulmonary trunk |
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what are the layers of tissue that make up the walls of the heart?
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epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
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where do the coronary veins carry blood?
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run along the arteries and carry blood back to the right atrium
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what is the epicardium composed of?
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visceral pericardium composed of thin epithelium called mesothelium
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what is the myocardium composed of?
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Cardiac muscle tissue whose cells are called myocytes the thickness is dependent upon the chambers of the heart
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what is the endocardium composed of?
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2 tissues:
Loose connective tissue - endothelium which is continuous with the blood vessels and comes into contact with the blood as it is passed through the heart chambers |
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The Right Atrium
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oxygen poor blood enters the heart from the vena cava (Superiorly from the head and inferiorly from the body) and coronary sinus
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what is the fossa ovalis?
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the point where the right and left atriums are physically connected
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what is the tricuspid valve (atrioventricular) and where is it found?
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The right atrium, prevents back flow into the atrium
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what is the conus arteriosus?
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where the blood will leave the right atrium
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what is the ventricle proper?
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the region of the right ventricle excluding the conus arteriosus and consists of myocardium
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what are the chordae tendinae?
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cord like structures that attach to the cusps of the valves
they attach to the papilary muscles |
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what is the interventricular septum?
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mass of myocardium between the ventricles
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how are the left chambers (atrium and ventricle) separated from each other?
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by the bicuspid valves ( Left av cusps)
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what is the function of the auricle of the right atrium?
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increase the volume of the right atrium
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what is the sinus of the venae cavae?
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the opening where the vina cava comes in
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what are the right chambers of the heart separated by?
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the Right Atrioventriuclar Valves : Tricuspid valves
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where does the left atrium recieve blood from?
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the 4 pulmonary veins
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what is the structural difference between the right and left ventricles?
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the left ventricle has a thicker myocardium layer inorder produce enough force to pump blood to the whole body
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where is the aortic semilunar valve found?
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in the left ventricle
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what is the "skeleton of the heart?
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fibrous rings that encircle the valves of the heart - support, enclose bases of pulmonary artery and aorta
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what are the branches of the left coronary artery?
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Circumflex artery
Anterior interventricular artery/branch- brings blood to the right and left ventricles |
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what are the branches of the right coronary artery?
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marginal branch
Posterior interventricular branch |
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what is an anastomoses?
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joining of artery to artery which makes sure important organs receive a rich blood supply
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where are anastamoses found?
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In the brain and digestive tract
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what is the purpose of the cardiac veins?
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they return blood (o2 poor) to the Right Atrium
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which cardiac veins come together to form the coronary sinus?
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the Great cardiac vein
the small cardiac vein |
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what are the events of the cardiac cycle?
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1. atria contract , ventricles relax
2. Ventricles contract, atria relax |
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what is the contraction of the heart chamber called?
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systole
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what is the relaxation of the heart chamber called?
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Diastole
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what produces heart sounds?
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vibrations due to the opening and closing of the atrioventriclar valves (AV)
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How are cardiac muscle fibers connected to each other?
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by intercalated discs - membrane
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what is a syncytium?
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a meshwork of muscle fibers that are interconnected by intercalated discs which allow for and electrical signal to spread simultaneously
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what is the cardiac conduction system?
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functions to initiate and conduct impulses through the myocardium
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How does the cardiac conduction system work?
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SA Node--> AV Node --> Delay in transmission to the ventricles--> Purkinje Fibers--> simotanous contraction
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what is the SA node?
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Sinoatrial node which are impulse generating tissue also refered to as Pacemaker
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What are AV bundles?
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masses of grouped Purkinje Fibers
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What are Purkinjie Fibers?
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specialized myocardial cells that conduct an electrical impulse creating a coordinated contraction of the myocardium
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why is there a delay in transmission to the ventricles by the AV nodes?
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it enables the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract
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what is an ECG?
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An electrodaridogram which records elecrical changes of the myocardium during the cardiac cycle
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what is the P wave of an ECG?
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measures electrical spread through the atrium
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what is the QRS complex?
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measures the spread of activity from AV Nodes to the Ventericular myocardium
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what is the T Wave?
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represents the ventricles going back to a relaxed uncontracted state
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what is the heart beat affected by?
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physical exercise, body temperature, contractions of varios ions
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what Nervous system branches are the SA and AV nodes innervated by?
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parasympathetic nerve fibers (reduce heart rate)
Sympathetic increase heart rate |
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what center regulates automatic impulses?
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the Cardiac center located in the Medulla Oblongota
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what is a blood vessel?
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a closed circuit of tubes
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what is an arteriole?
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a small artery that leads into the capillary bed
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what are the smallest blood vessels?
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Capillaries which consist only of tunica intima (interna)
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what is the structure of an artery, arteriole and vein?
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Tunica intima (interna)
Tunica Media Tunica Externa (adventita) |
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what is the tunica intima?
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consists of an epithelium which is continuous with the endothelium that lines the heart
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what is the tunica media?
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middle layer of muscular tissue that receive innervations from the Para & sympathetic nervous system
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what is the tunica externa?
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made of dense irregular tissue and holds the blood vessel in place on various organs
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Walls of Arteries and Arterioles
Carry? Made of? |
walls adapted to carry high pressure blood away from the heart
walls made of endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue, elastic tissue |
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where are elastic arteries found and what are they called?
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close to the heart and are known as conducting arteries
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what is vaso vasorum?
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blood vessels of the blood vessels
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Walls of the Capillaries
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single layer of epithelium cells
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what are capillary pores?
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openings between the plasma membrane that allow exchanges of materials between blood and tissues
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What is teh difference between contiunous capillaires and Fenestrated?
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Fenestrated have larger pores for protiens to move though while continuous (regular) capillaries do not
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what controls the blood flow into a capillary ?
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precapillary sphincter
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what types of exchanges go on in capillaries?
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gasses nutrients and metabolic byproducts
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what is an arteriovenous anastamosis?
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when the blood goes directly from the artery to the vein
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what type of blood are veins adapted to deal with?
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low pressure blood
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what are the smallest veins called?
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venuoles connect to the cappilary beds and then merge to form veins
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where do veins carry blood?
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02 poor blood to the heart
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what are the similarities between arteries and veins?
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wall structure and layers
but they are thinner and contain less muscle and elastic tissue |
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what is the purpose of valves in veins?
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extensions of endothelium which help to prevent back-flow
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what does the movement of blood depend on in veins?
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skeletal muscle tissue because BP is so low
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what is the Pulmonary Circulation of Blood through the heart?
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It replenishes the blood with oxygen adn removes carbon dioxide before the blood is passed to the body
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What is the path of pulmonary circulation?
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Vena Cava + coronay sinus bring o2 poor blood to the right atrium--> right ventricle--> Pulmonary trunk--> pulmonary arteries (L&R)--> Capillaries--> O2 rich blood returns to heart by way of pulmonary Veins-> Left Atrium
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what type of blood do pulmonary arteries carry?
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oxygen poor blood
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what type of blood do pulmonary veins carry?
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oxygen rich blood
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What is the systemic circuit?
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Delivers oxygen rich blood to the body
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what is the blood pathway in the systemic circuit?
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LA--> LV--> Ascending aorta--> Aortic Arch--> Descending Aorta--> Systemic arteries and veins--> Right Atrium
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what 3 blood vessels are found off of the Aortic arch?
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Brachiocephalic
left common carotid left subclavian |
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what are the divisions of the descending aorta?
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thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta |
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what are the left and right devisions of the abdominal aorta?
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Right and left common iliacs arteries
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what are the branches of the subclavian Artery?
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Vertebral- brain , come together with internal carotid to form an anatamosis
Thyrocervical trunk- serves neck |
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what are the branches of the common carotid arteries?
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Internal and External
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what are the branches of the brachial artery?
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Radial and Ulnar
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what anastamosis forms between the ulnar and radial arteries?
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the palmar arches
(superficial and Deep) |
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what is the carotid sinus
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found at the base of the internal carotid and contains chemoreceptors that help to regulate heart rate and respiration
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what does the superior phrenic artery serve?
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the superior surface of the diaphragm
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what does the inferior phrenic artery serve?
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inferior surface of the diaphragm
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what are the 3 unpaired arteries off the abdominal aorta?
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Celiac trunk
Superior and inferior mesenteric |
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what are the divisions of the celiac trunk?
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left gastric artery
Top) Splenic artery Botm) common hepatic artery |
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what body parts does the celiac trunk serve?
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the liver spleen and stomach
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what does the superior mesenteric serve?
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the stomach duodenum and pancreas small intestine
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what does the inferior mesenteric serve?
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lower colon and rectum
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the superior and inferior mesenteric form an _________ to make sure the intestines get a good supply of blood.
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Anastomoses
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what are the paired arteries in the abdominal area?
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phrenic
suprarenals- R&L adrenal gland renals- kidney lumbars gonadals |
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what do the right and left common iliac arteries serve?
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pelvic organs gluteal region and leg
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what are the branches of the common illiac artery?
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the internal and external iliac
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what is the external iliac known as inferioally as it crosses the illiac?
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the femoral artery
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what are the continuations of the femoral artery as it moves inferior?
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Femoral artery--> popiliteal artery--> which branches to form the posterior and anterior tibial artery--> which branches to from the plantar arches
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where are superficial veins located?
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in the fascia under the skin
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what veins are responsible for draining the head neck and brain?
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Jugular veins (internal, external, vertebral)
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what do the brachiocephalic veins form?
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the superioir vena cava
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what are the major superficial veins that drain the arm and sholder?
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Basilic (underside of arm) and Cephalic (anterior and radial side)
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Basialar vein + Brachial Vein = ______
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axillary vein
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Axillary Vein + Cephalic Vein = _____
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subclavian veins
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what vein is often used as a site of venipuncture?
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the median cubital vein
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Basalic vein + Cephalic Vein --> _____
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medial cubital vein
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what veins drain the abdominal and thoracic walls?
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brachiocephalic and azygos veins (drains right thoracic region)
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what does the azygos vein branch off into?
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hemizygos veins which drains the left side of the thoracic region
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where does blood from the abdominal viscera (stomach small intestine pancreas and spleen) enter?
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the hepatic portal
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what is the hepatic portal?
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a place of filtration and monitoring of the blood takes place before it is returned to heart by way of the inferior vena cava
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what is the pathway of the hepatic portal system?
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Blood contiaing high food chemicals and nutrients from abdominal viscera --> Hepatic portal Vein--> Liver--> Hepatic Vein--> Inferior vena cava
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how do the veins from the plantar arches reach the inferior vena cava?
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Plantar arches--> Small Saphenous Vein + Posterior Tibial Vein = Popelitial as you travel superiorly turns into femoral vein and is joined by the Great saphenous vein --> Femoral vein-> External Iliac + Internal Iliac --> common illiac --> Inferior Vena Cava
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