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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the parts of a reflex? |
stereotypical quick and rapid involuntary need stimulation |
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what are the parts of an effector organ? |
somatic reflex=skeletal Visceral reflex=smooth/cardiac |
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components of a reflex? |
sensory receptor afferent neuron interneuron efferent neuron and effector organ |
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what does the primary afferent neuron do during a reflex? |
It stimulates inhibitory interneuron |
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what are the two muscle fibers? |
intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers |
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what are the extrafusal fibers? |
alpha motor neurons |
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What are the features of intrafusal muscle fibers? |
innervated with: -spring-like primary afferent fiber -secondary afferent fibers -and gamma motor neurons |
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what does the afferent fibers do? |
primary- rate secondary- magnitude gamma motor neurons- allow for action, maintain spindle |
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what is the golgi tendon reflex? |
a proprioceptor in tendon excessive tension inhibits motor neuron |
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what are visceral(autonomic) reflexs? |
unconscious automatic stereotyped slower |
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what components from a visceral reflex arc? |
receptors afferent neurons interneuron efferent neurons effectors |
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what are the divirions of the ANS? |
parasnympathic and sympathic |
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what does sympathic under ANS do? |
-fight or flight -increases decreaees |
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what does the papasympathic under ANS? |
-feed or breed |
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what is the smypathetic nervous system also called? |
thoracolumbar division |
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what is the adrenal glands? |
a modified ganglia |
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what so the glands secrete? |
noradreniline epinephrine |
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what is the PNS also called? |
carniosacral division leaves brainstem by 4 cranial nerves |
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What are contractile protiens? |
myosin and actin |
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what are the regulatory protiens? |
tropomyosin and troponin |
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what regulates binding in regulatory protiens? |
Calcium |
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What regulate anchoring and length and keep alignment for optimal contractile effectiveness for myofilaments? |
At least 7 other accessory proteins in or associated with thick or thin filaments. |
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What does the myofilament dystrophin do? |
sfd |
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What is mucular dystrophy? |
group of heriditery diseases in which skeletal muscles degenerate and weaken and are replaced with fat and fibourous scar tissue |
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What is duchenne muscular dystrophy? |
most common form of dystrophy, a disease in males diagnosed between 2-10 |
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What is the relationship of the nerve and muscle? |
skeletal muscle never contracts unless stimulated by nerve. |
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What happens if a nerve is severed or poisoned? |
The muscle is paralyzed |
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What is Denervation atrophy? |
Shrinkage of a paralyzed muscle when connected not restored |
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What are somatic motor neurons? |
nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles |
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What are somatic nerve fibers? |
axons that lead to |
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What is a motor neuron? |
one nerve fiber and all the mucle fibers innervated by it. |
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Features of muscle fibers |
-Dispersed throughout the muscle -Contract in unison -produce weak contraction over wide area -provides ability to sustain long-term contraction as motor units take turns contracting -effective contraction usually requires the contraction of the several motor units at once |
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What is the average motor unit? |
200 muscle fibers for each motor unit |
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What are small motor units? |
-fine degree of control -three to six muscle fibers per neuron -eye and hand muscles |
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What are large motor units? |
sdf |
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What is a synapse? |
point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell |
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What is the neuromuscular junction? |
when target cell is |
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What is the synaptic knob? |
Swollen end of the nerve fiber that contains |
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What does the schwann cell do? |
fasd |
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What do the synaptic vesicles do at the neurmuscular junction? |
efad |
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How many Ach receptors are in the body? |
50 million |
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Myasthenia |
sdgd |
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What is the basal lamina? |
thin layer of collagen and glycoprotein seperates schwann cell and entire muscle from surrounding tissues |
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What does the basal lamina contain? |
acetylcholineesterase (Ache) |
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What do some pesticides containing cholinesterase do? |
bind to acetylcholinesterase and prevent it from degradin Ach. |
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What is flaccid paralyzes and examples? |
a state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract. - curare: compete with ACh for receptor sites, but do not stimulate muscles. -Plant poison used by south american natives to poison blowdart guns. |
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What is botulism and examples? |
dsfzdx |
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What is the sliding filament theory? |
-originally proposed in 1954 - |
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What are the parts of the neuromuscular junction? |
-motor end plate -synaptic cleft -ACh -Ach-ase |
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What is a T Tubule? |
sdf |
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How do nerves tell muscles to contract? |
Action potentials |
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What does myosin attach to? |
attaches to actin on the thin filament |
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What is rigor mortis? |
-hardening of muscles and stiffining of body beginning 3 to 4 hours after death -deterioting sarcoplasmic recticulum releases ca2+ - |
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How does the sarcomere relax? |
-ACh destruction -Ca ion uptake -rigor mortis |
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What is Ca ion reuptake? |
-active trnsport pumps in SR pump Ca2+ from the cytosol back to the cisternae -Ca2+ |
