Human Anatomy Chapter 1

Front 1

considers structures that cannot be seen without magnification

Back 1

Microscopic anatomy

Front 2

analyzes the internal structures of cells

Back 2

cytology

Front 3

the smallest units of life

Back 3

cells

Front 4

examines tissues

Back 4

Histology

Front 5

groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specfic functions

Back 5

tissues

Front 6

Anatomical units, composed of tissues that have multiple functions

Back 6

organs

Front 7

THe study of external and internal structures and phyiscal relationship between them, provides clues about their function

Back 7

Anatomy

Front 8

The study of function

Back 8

Physiology

Front 9

studying macroscopic structures

Back 9

Gross anatomy

Front 10

studying all one system at once

Back 10

systematic

Front 11

looking at everything going on in an area at once

Back 11

regional

Front 12

studying structures seen on outside w/o dissection

Back 12

surface

Front 13

examines changes in body that occur between conception to physical maturity

Back 13

Devlopmental Anatomy

Front 14

back side of body, contains brain and spinal cord

Back 14

Dorsal cavity

Front 15

contains respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive systems etc.

Back 15

Ventral/Coelom cavity

Front 16

cavity with brain inside

Back 16

cranial cavity

Front 17

cavity with spinal cord inside

Back 17

spinal cavity

Front 18

Subdivided into right and left pleural cavity with area called mediastinym

Back 18

thoracic cavity

Front 19

contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Back 19

Abdominopelvic cavity

Front 20

contains the mouth etc.

Back 20

Oral cavity

Front 21

nose cavity

Back 21

nasal cavity

Front 22

cavity for eyeballs

Back 22

orbital cavity

Front 23

cavity for ears

Back 23

middle ear cavity

Front 24

divides thoracic from abdominopelvic

Back 24

diaphragm

Front 25

divides two pleural cavities from eachother

Back 25

mediastinum

Front 26

seperates abdominal from pelvic

Back 26

pelvic bones and brim

Front 27

lines body cavity

Back 27

parietal

Front 28

lines organ itself

Back 28

visceral

Front 29

name for lungs

Back 29

pleura

Front 30

lines heart and pericardial sac

Back 30

parietal pericardium

Front 31

lines heart

Back 31

visceral pericardium

Front 32

lines abdominopelvic cavity portion of ventral cavity

Back 32

parietal peritoneum

Front 33

covers each organ in abdominopelvic cavity

Back 33

visceral peritoneum

Front 34

above (at a higher level)

Back 34

superior

Front 35

below (at a lower level)

Back 35

inferior

Front 36

front of body

Back 36

anterior

Front 37

behind or back of body

Back 37

posterior

Front 38

towards the center

Back 38

medial

Front 39

away from mid line

Back 39

lateral

Front 40

towards attached base

Back 40

proximal

Front 41

away from an attached base

Back 41

distal

Front 42

near body surface

Back 42

superficial

Front 43

towards interior of body

Back 43

deep

Front 44

can turn into any cell (has not yet differentiated)

Back 44

pleuripotent cell

Front 45

collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a relatively limited number of functions

Back 45

Tissue

Front 46

any cell covering exposed surface and/or lining internal cavities and passageways

Back 46

Epithelial tissue

Front 47

tissue has no blood supply

Back 47

avascular

Front 48

produces a product

Back 48

secretion

Front 49

produces waste

Back 49

excretion

Front 50

one layer of cells

Back 50

simple

Front 51

2 or more layers of cells

Back 51

stratified

Front 52

Flat epithelial tissue, easily damaged, but good for diffusion

Back 52

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 53

cubed shaped epithelial cells, lines kidney tubules and thyroid gland

Back 53

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 54

Epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide, found in gut, GI tract and some of respiratory tract

Back 54

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 55

Rare type of epithelium tissue

Back 55

STratified columnar epithelium

Front 56

epithelial tissue that looks like more than one cell layer, because nuclei of differenc cells at different levels, found in respiratory tract

Back 56

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 57

Epithelial tissue that is lots of layer thick and found in places with lots of mechanical stress, skin, anus, digestive tract etc.

Back 57

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 58

Epithelial tissue that is in stratified layers and very stretchy and found in places needing stretch (bladder)

Back 58

TRansitional epithelium

Front 59

epithelial tissue that is 2 laters thick, and lines the ducts of glands and some glands

Back 59

Stratified cuboidal

Front 60

glands that are considered epithelium, secretions end up in duct

Back 60

Exocrine glands

Front 61

Glands not considered epithelium because products are picked up by blood

Back 61

endocrine glands

Front 62

secretion products exocytosed from cell, no damage to cell

Back 62

Merocrine secretion

Front 63

secretory products and part of cytoplasm are dumped into a duct then cell repairs self

Back 63

Apocrine secretion

Front 64

Entire cell bursts and dumpsed into duct, requires lots of mitosis to replace cells being lost

Back 64

Holocrine

Front 65

thick and straight like elastic band

Back 65

Collagenous extracellular fibers

Front 66

THinner curvey, stretchy fibers found where lots of flexibility is needed

Back 66

Elastic extracellular fibers

Front 67

Very very thin and fine fibers

Back 67

reticular extracellular fibers

Front 68

fibers and ground substance

Back 68

Matrix

Front 69

often found under epithelial layer to provide it with blood

Back 69

Loose (areolar) connective tissue

Front 70

dense and closely packed fibers, few cells, not much room for ground substance

Back 70

Dense connective tissue

Front 71

Very rigid, supports and protects, forms models for developing bones

Back 71

Cartilage

Front 72

cartilage resident cells

Back 72

Chondrocytes

Front 73

where blood supply runs to provide cartilage with blood

Back 73

perichondrium

Front 74

resident cells in bone

Back 74

Osteocytes

Front 75

most common type of cartilage. Weakest type, can't take as much abuse, but still tough. Looks shiny, and brown gel-like.

Back 75

Hyaline

Front 76

very flexible cartilage. Flexible and resilient, lots of elastic fibers

Back 76

Elastic

Front 77

cartilage with very little ground substance, packed with calogen fibers, very very tough, makes up pads between vertebrates

Back 77

fibrocartilage

Front 78

made of dense irregular connective tissue in bone

Back 78

Fibrous layer

Front 79

osteoprogenitor cells in bone

Back 79

Cellular layer

Front 80

support, scaffold that gives form for other cells to hang out around

Back 80

Reticular tissue

Front 81

Supporting scaffold inside an organ that supports the cells

Back 81

Stroma

Front 82

Cells are contractile, very different then other cells, excitable, cause body to move

Back 82

Muscle tissue

Front 83

voluntary muscle, consciously move it, and reflexes, multinucleated cells, striations

Back 83

Skeletal muscle

Front 84

incapable of dividing

Back 84

multinucleated cells

Front 85

perfectly organized actin and myocin filaments

Back 85

striations

Front 86

stem cell that can only become skeletal muscle tissue, replace anything that dies or is damaged, no contractile proteins in them yet

Back 86

satelite cells

Front 87

Involuntary muscle, single centrally located nucleus, move food, constrict blood vessels, empty bladder

Back 87

Smooth muscle

Front 88

Involuntary, only found in heart, striated, single-nucleated cells, Intercalated discs

Back 88

Cardiac muscle

Front 89

where two cells meet, important for heart to beat, where membranes look like they're fused w/ gap junctions, cells electrically connected

Back 89

Intercalated discs

Front 90

found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Back 90

Nervous tissue

Front 91

can be very large-carry action potentials, can also be very small

Back 91

Neuron