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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
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Physiology
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the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
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Gross Anatomy
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Regional
Systemic Surface |
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Regional
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all structures in one part of the body (the abdomen or leg)
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Systemic
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gross anatomy of the body studied by system
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Surface
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study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
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Microscopic Anatomy
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Cytology – study of the cell
Histology – study of tissues |
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Developmental Anatomy
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Traces structural changes throughout life
Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth |
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Specialized Branches of Anatomy
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Pathological anatomy
Radiographic anatomy Molecular biology |
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Pathological anatomy
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study of structural changes caused by disease
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Radiographic anatomy
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study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans
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Molecular biology
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study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level
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Physiology
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- Considers the operation of specific organ systems
Ex. Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system - Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels - Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level - Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains: electrical currents , blood pressure, muscle/bone movement |
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Principle of Complementarity
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- Function always reflects structure
- What a structure can do depends on its specific form |
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Levels of Structural Organization
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- Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules
- Cellular – cells are made of molecules - Tissue – consists of similar types of cells - Organ – made up of different types of tissues - Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together - Organism – made up of the organ systems |
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Integumentary System
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- Forms the external body covering
- Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails - Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D |
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Skeletal System
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Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
- Protects and supports body organs - Provides the framework for muscles - Site of blood cell formation - Stores minerals |
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Muscular System
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- Composed of muscles and tendons
- Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression - Maintains posture - Produces heat |
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Nervous System
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- Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
- Is the fast-acting control system of the body - Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands |
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Cardiovascular System
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- Composed of the heart and blood vessels
- The heart pumps blood - The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body |
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Lymphatic System
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- Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels - Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood - Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream - Houses white blood cells involved with immunity |
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Respiratory System
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- Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs - Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide |
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Digestive System
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- Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver - Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood - Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces |
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Urinary System
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- Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body - Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood |
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Male Reproductive System
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- Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
- Main function is the production of offspring - Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones - Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract |
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Female Reproductive System
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- Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
- Main function is the production of offspring - Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones - Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus - Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn |
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Organ Systems Interrelationships
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No system stands alone. Examples:
- The integumentary system protects many systems of the body from the external environment - Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen - Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood for metabolic processes - Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems |
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Necessary Life Functions
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- Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
- Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes - Organism level – accomplished by the skin - Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility - Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them - Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs - Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body - Excretion – removal of wastes from the body - Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels - Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells - Organism – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person - Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism |
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Survival Needs
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NOWNA
- Nutrients – needed for energy and cell building - Oxygen – necessary for metabolic reactions - Water – provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions - Normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates - Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs |
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Homeostasis
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- ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
- The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium - Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis |
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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- Variables produce a change in the body
- The three interdependent components of control mechanisms: - Receptor – monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli) - Control center – determines the set point at which the variable is maintained - Effector – provides the means to respond to stimuli |
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Negative Feedback
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- In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus;
Self regulation Example: Regulation of room temperature; blood sugar levels |
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Positive Feedback
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- In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Example: Childbirth (cervix, oxytocin, muscle contraction) |
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Homeostatic Imbalance
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- Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium
- Overwhelming the usual negative feedback mechanisms allows destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over |
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Anatomical Position
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Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
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Superior and inferior
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toward and away from the head, respectively
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Anterior and posterior
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toward the front and back of the body
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Medial, lateral, and intermediate
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toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
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Proximal and distal
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closer to and farther from the origin of the body part
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Superficial and deep
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toward and away from the body surface
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Sagittal plane
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divides the body into right and left parts
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Midsagittal or medial plane
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sagittal plane that lies on the midline
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Frontal or coronal plane
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divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse or horizontal (cross section) plane–
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– divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Anatomical Variability
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- Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy
- Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: - Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place - Small muscles may be missing - Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen but do occur |
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Dorsal cavity
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- protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions
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Cranial cavity
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within the skull; encases the brain
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Vertebral cavity
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- runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord
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Ventral cavity
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- houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions
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Thoracic
Abdominopelvic |
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
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Pleural cavities
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– each houses a lung so that lungs are independant
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Mediastinum
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– contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
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Pericardial cavity
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– encloses the heart
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Abdominopelvic cavity
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- is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
- It is composed of two subdivisions - Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs - Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
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- Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
- Visceral serosa covers the internal organs - Serous fluid separates the serosae - Name of membrane ties to organ Pleura – lungs Pericardial – heart Peritoneum – abdominal cavity, contains subdivision (omentum, mesenteric, mesocolon) |
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Oral and digestive
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– mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
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Nasal
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–located within and posterior to the nose
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Orbital
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– house the eyes
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Middle ear
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– contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
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Synovial
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– joint cavities
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Right upper,
Left upper, Right lower, Left lower |
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AbdominoPelvic Regions
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- Rt hypochondriac - (below rib cartilage) Right lobe of liver
- Epigastric – left liver lobe, most of stomach - Lt hypochondriac – small portion of stomach and transverse colon - Rt lumbar – gallbladder, ascending colon, - Umbilical (belly button) –small intestines, most of transverse colon - Lt lumbar – portion of descending colon, some small intestines - Rt iliac (Inguinal) - cecum, appendix - Hypogastric (Pubic) - small intestines, urinary bladder, rectum - Lt iliac - portion of descending colon, some small intestines |
