Human Anatomy Ch. 5,8,9

Front 1

Calcium phosphate

Back 1

2/3 of the weight of the bone

Front 2

Osteocytes

Back 2

Mature bone cells, maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content

Front 3

Osteoblasts

Back 3

Cuboidal, single layer on the inner or outer surfaces of a bone, responsible for the production of new bone osteogenesis. Always producing matrix that quickly binds minerals.

Front 4

Osteo progenitor cells

Back 4

Flattened or squamous shaped stem cells found in numerous areas including inner most layer of the periosteum and in the Endosteum lining the medullary cavities can divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

Front 5

Osteoclast

Back 5

Large multi nucleate cells found at sites where bone is being removed erosion process where acids produced involving the exocytosis of lysosomes dissolve the bony matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate equals osteolysis. Always removing matrix and releasing minerals.

Front 6

Osteolysis

Back 6

Increases the calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids

Front 7

Compact bone

Back 7

Relatively dense and solid. Also known as the cylindrical osteon or haversion system. Forms walls.

Front 8

Spongy bone

Back 8

Forms an open network of struts and plates

Front 9

What's the difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

Back 9

The arrangement of spongy bone into parallel struts or sick branching plates called trabeculae and much lighter than compact bone. Spongy bone is found wherever bones aren't stressed heavily or where stresses arrive from many directions.

Front 10

What is the outer surface of a bone covered in?

Back 10

Periosteum. it isolates and protects the bone from surrounding tissues

Front 11

Ossification

Back 11

The process of replacing other tissues with bone

Front 12

Calcification

Back 12

The deposition of calcium salts within a tissue.

Front 13

Ossification versus calcification

Back 13

Any tissue can be calcified but only ossification results in the formation of bone

Front 14

Intramembranous ossification

Back 14

Bone develops to form mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. For example clavicle, mandible, flat bones of the face and skull

Front 15

Endochondral ossification

Back 15

Bone replaces existing Cartlidge model. For example, bones that bear weight such as the vertebral column

Front 16

Joints and articulations

Back 16

Connections between bones that may or may not permit movement

Front 17

Synarthrosis

Back 17

Immovable: suture- fibrous, gomphosis- teeth-fibrous, synchondrosis-ribs-sternum- cartilaginous, synostosis-head-bony fusion

Front 18

Amiphiarthrosis

Back 18

Little movement. Syndesmosis – tibia and Fibula connection – fibers, symphysis – pubic – cartilaginous

Front 19

Diarthrosis

Back 19

Free movement. Synovial – ends of long bones. Monaxial – one plane – elbows or ankle. Biaxial – two planes – ribs, wrist. Triaxial – three planes – shoulder and hip.

Front 20

Synovial joints

Back 20

Joint capsule, articular Cartlidge, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, synovial membrane lining capsule, accessory structure, sensory nerves and blood vessels. Function – lubrication, nourishes chondrocytes, shock absorption for joints.

Front 21

Accessory structures such as

Back 21

Cartilages, menisci divided synovial cavity. Fat pads – periphery of joint, lightly covered by a layer of synovial membrane.

Front 22

Ligaments

Back 22

Support, strengthen and reinforce synovial joints.

Front 23

Intrinsic ligaments versus extrinsic ligaments

Back 23

Intrinsic – beginnings of the joint capsule. Extrinsic – separate from the joint capsule

Front 24

Gliding joint

Back 24

Monaxial, sternoclavicular joint or intercarpal and tarsal joints

Front 25

Pivot

Back 25

Monaxial, Head on atlas and axis

Front 26

Gliding joint

Back 26

Monaxial, sternoclavicular joint or intercarpal and tarsal joints

Front 27

Saddle

Back 27

Biaxial. First metacarpal joint

Front 28

Intrinsic ligaments versus extrinsic ligaments

Back 28

Intrinsic – beginnings of the joint capsule. Extrinsic – separate from the joint capsule

Front 29

Gliding joint

Back 29

Monaxial, sternoclavicular joint or intercarpal and tarsal joints

Front 30

Pivot

Back 30

Monaxial, Head on atlas and axis

Front 31

Saddle

Back 31

Biaxial. First metacarpal joint

Front 32

Hingr

Back 32

Monaxial. Elbow, knee, ankle

Front 33

Ligaments

Back 33

Support, strengthen and reinforce synovial joints.

Front 34

Intrinsic ligaments versus extrinsic ligaments

Back 34

Intrinsic – beginnings of the joint capsule. Extrinsic – separate from the joint capsule

Front 35

Gliding joint

Back 35

Monaxial, sternoclavicular joint or intercarpal and tarsal joints

Front 36

Pivot

Back 36

Monaxial, Head on atlas and axis

Front 37

Saddle

Back 37

Biaxial. First metacarpal joint

Front 38

Hingr

Back 38

Monaxial. Elbow, knee, ankle

Front 39

Ellipsoidal

Back 39

Biaxial. Radiocarpal joint

Front 40

Ligaments

Back 40

Support, strengthen and reinforce synovial joints.

Front 41

Intrinsic ligaments versus extrinsic ligaments

Back 41

Intrinsic – beginnings of the joint capsule. Extrinsic – separate from the joint capsule

Front 42

Gliding joint

Back 42

Monaxial, sternoclavicular joint or intercarpal and tarsal joints

Front 43

Pivot

Back 43

Monaxial, Head on atlas and axis

Front 44

Saddle

Back 44

Biaxial. First metacarpal joint

Front 45

Hingr

Back 45

Monaxial. Elbow, knee, ankle

Front 46

Ellipsoidal

Back 46

Biaxial. Radiocarpal joint

Front 47

Ball and socket

Back 47

Triaxial. Shoulder, hip joint

Front 48

Ligaments

Back 48

Support, strengthen and reinforce synovial joints.

Front 49

Intrinsic ligaments versus extrinsic ligaments

Back 49

Intrinsic – beginnings of the joint capsule. Extrinsic – separate from the joint capsule

Front 50

Gliding joint

Back 50

Monaxial, sternoclavicular joint or intercarpal and tarsal joints

Front 51

Pivot

Back 51

Monaxial, Head on atlas and axis

Front 52

Saddle

Back 52

Biaxial. First metacarpal joint

Front 53

Hinge

Back 53

Monaxial. Elbow, knee, ankle

Front 54

Ellipsoidal

Back 54

Biaxial. Radiocarpal joint

Front 55

Ball and socket

Back 55

Triaxial. Shoulder, hip joint

Front 56

Condylar

Back 56

Wrist or fingers

Front 57

Excitability

Back 57

Ability to respond to stimulation

Front 58

Excitability

Back 58

Ability to respond to stimulation

Front 59

Contractility

Back 59

Ability to shorten actively and exerts a pull or tension that can be harnessed by connected tissue

Front 60

Excitability

Back 60

Ability to respond to stimulation

Front 61

Contractility

Back 61

Ability to shorten actively and exerts a pull or tension that can be harnessed by connected tissue

Front 62

Extensibility

Back 62

Ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths

Front 63

Excitability

Back 63

Ability to respond to stimulation

Front 64

Contractility

Back 64

Ability to shorten actively and exerts a pull or tension that can be harnessed by connected tissue

Front 65

Extensibility

Back 65

Ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths

Front 66

Elasticity

Back 66

Ability to rebound toward its original length after a contraction

Front 67

Excitability

Back 67

Ability to respond to stimulation

Front 68

Contractility

Back 68

Ability to shorten actively and exerts a pull or tension that can be harnessed by connected tissue

Front 69

Extensibility

Back 69

Ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths

Front 70

Elasticity

Back 70

Ability to rebound toward its original length after a contraction

Front 71

Somatic

Back 71

Skeletal

Front 72

Excitability

Back 72

Ability to respond to stimulation

Front 73

Contractility

Back 73

Ability to shorten actively and exerts a pull or tension that can be harnessed by connected tissue

Front 74

Extensibility

Back 74

Ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lengths

Front 75

Elasticity

Back 75

Ability to rebound toward its original length after a contraction

Front 76

Somatic

Back 76

Skeletal

Front 77

Autonomic

Back 77

Cardiac and smooth

Front 78

Muscle fiber

Back 78

Back (Definition)

Front 79

Endomysium

Back 79

Back (Definition)

Front 80

Fascicles

Back 80

Back (Definition)

Front 81

Perimysium

Back 81

Back (Definition)

Front 82

Epimysium

Back 82

Back (Definition)

Front 83

Myofibrils

Back 83

Cylindrical structure allowing muscle contraction

Front 84

Sarco-

Back 84

Flesh

Front 85

Actin

Back 85

Thin filaments, troponin blocks active sites

Front 86

Myofibrils

Back 86

Cylindrical structure allowing muscle contraction

Front 87

Sarco-

Back 87

Flesh

Front 88

Actin

Back 88

Thin filaments, troponin blocks active sites

Front 89

Myosin

Back 89

Thick filaments

Front 90

Sarcolemma

Back 90

Cell membrane

Front 91

Cytoplasm

Back 91

Sarcoplasm

Front 92

Internal membrane system

Back 92

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 93

Myoblasts

Back 93

Groups of embryonic cells combined to create individual skeletal muscle fibers

Front 94

Muscle fiber contraction sequence of events

Back 94

Chemicals released by motor neuron at synapse alters the transmembrane potential of sarcolemma. Transverse tubules. The change in the transmembrane potential of the t-tubules triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum which equals a contraction.

Front 95

Muscle fiber contraction sequence of events

Back 95

Chemicals released by motor neuron at synapse alters the transmembrane potential of sarcolemma. Transverse tubules. The change in the transmembrane potential of the t-tubules triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum which equals a contraction.

Front 96

Acetylcholine

Back 96

Expanded tip of the axon at neuromuscular synapse – synaptic terminal – synaptic vesicles with acetylcholine equals neurotransmitter

Front 97

Muscle fiber contraction sequence of events

Back 97

Chemicals released by motor neuron at synapse alters the transmembrane potential of sarcolemma. Transverse tubules. The change in the transmembrane potential of the t-tubules triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum which equals a contraction.

Front 98

Acetylcholine

Back 98

Expanded tip of the axon at neuromuscular synapse – synaptic terminal – synaptic vesicles with acetylcholine equals neurotransmitter

Front 99

A narrow space

Back 99

Equals synaptic cleft separates synaptic terminal from motor end plate of skeletal muscle fiber

Front 100

Muscle fiber contraction sequence of events

Back 100

Chemicals released by motor neuron at synapse alters the transmembrane potential of sarcolemma. Transverse tubules. The change in the transmembrane potential of the t-tubules triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum which equals a contraction.

Front 101

Circular skeletal muscle fibers

Back 101

Sphincter. Example – mouth or eyes

Front 102

Prime mover

Back 102

Agonist. A muscle who's contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement

Front 103

Antagonist

Back 103

Muscles his actions oppose that of the agonist. If agonist produced flexion antagonist will produce extension

Front 104

Synergist

Back 104

Assists prime mover

Front 105

Acetylcholine

Back 105

Expanded tip of the axon at neuromuscular synapse – synaptic terminal – synaptic vesicles with acetylcholine equals neurotransmitter

Front 106

A narrow space

Back 106

Equals synaptic cleft separates synaptic terminal from motor end plate of skeletal muscle fiber

Front 107

Synaptic cleft

Back 107

Contains acetylcholine esterase which breaks down acetylcholine

Front 108

Type one muscle fiber

Back 108

Slow fibers or red fibers. Three times longer to contract. Aerobic metabolism. Specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time because mitochondria continue producing ATP. Also known as slow twitch.

Front 109

Type two muscle fiber

Back 109

Fast fibers, white fibers. Large densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria, powerful contractions using a lot of ATP and mitochondria can't keep up so they fatigue rapidly. Supported primarily of anaerobic glycolysis – glycogen – lactic acid – fermentation

Front 110

Intermediate muscle fibers

Back 110

Pink. right in between fast and slow fibers

Front 111

Parallel skeletal muscle fibers

Back 111

Along longitudinal axis. Example – biceps brachii

Front 112

Convergent skeletal muscle fibers

Back 112

Common attachment site. Example – pectoral muscles

Front 113

Pinnate skeletal muscle fibers

Back 113

Feather like. For example rectus femoris, deltoid muscle