Human Anatomy Cell Anatomy Chapter 2

Front 1

How many different types of cell are there?

Back 1

200

Front 2

Each cell types allows for ____ function

Back 2

different

Front 3

There are over how many cells in the body that vary in shape and size and yet have so much in common?

Back 3

75-100

Front 4

Cells ____ with each other

Back 4

interact

Front 5

Chemically our cells are almost 1._____ , but visually and functionally they are as _____ as animals in a zoo

Back 5

1. alike
2. different

Front 6

what is unique about a red blood cell?

Back 6

there is no nucleus; therefore, it cannot reproduce

Front 7

what is unique about a nerve cell?

Back 7

the branches are used for electrical impulses (ions)

Front 8

what is unique about a sperm cell?

Back 8

they are the SMALLEST cell in the body and have specialized flagella that help the sperm move.

Front 9

what is the largest cell in the body?

Back 9

female egg

Front 10

what is the smallest cell in the body?

Back 10

the sperm

Front 11

what is unique about smooth muscle cells?

Back 11

they are used for contractions. such as in the stomach and liver

Front 12

what is unique about epithelial cells?

Back 12

they are used for absorption, secretion, and movement of material

Front 13

the cell is the 1. ____ structure of all 2. _____ ______

Back 13

1. basic
2. living matter

Front 14

What are the 4 steps in cell theory?

Back 14

1. Cell is basic structure and functional unit of life.

2. Activity of an organism depends on individual and collective activity of its cells.

3. Biochemical activity of cell are dictated by relative # of specific sub-cellular structures.

4. Continuity of life as a cellular basis.

Front 15

What a cell does and how it functions depends on ______

Back 15

organelles

Front 16

A _____ cell includes many different structures.

Back 16

composite

Front 17

A cell consists of what three main parts?

Back 17

nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the cell membrane

Front 18

Within the 1. ____ are specialized organelles that perform 2 ____ ____ for the cell.

Back 18

1. cytoplasm
2. specific functions

Front 19

What is the basis of most diseases?

Back 19

lost of cellular homeostasis

Front 20

What are the three main functions of a plasma (cell) membrane?

Back 20

1. movement of substances in and out of the cell.

2. participate in signal transduction.

3. help cells adhere to other cells.

Front 21

1. _____ is stimulation from outside the cell that is 2. _____ into the cell.

Back 21

1. Transduction

2. Transmitted

Front 22

The cell membrane is extremely 1 ____ and 2. _____ _____ (controls what comes in and out of cell)

Back 22

1. Thin

2. Selective Permeable

Front 23

What is on top of the plasma membrane (outside) that is a carbohydrate which contains sugar on protein. Also it allows stickiness and adhesion

Back 23

GLYCOCALYX

Front 24

Molecules that are soluble in lipids and can pass through the lipid bilayer?

Back 24

oxygen, CO2, steroid hormones

Front 25

The molecules that are impermeable to phospholipid bilayer?

Back 25

amino acids, sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, and some ions, water

Front 26

What does the DNA tell the RNA about proteins?

Back 26

HOW to instruct to proteins. Thus, all the information is in the cell.

Front 27

Embedded 1. _____ molecules strengthen the membrane and help make the membrane 2._____ _____ to water-soluble molecules

Back 27

1. cholesterol

2. less permeable

Front 28

Many proteins are found in the cell membrane, including 1. _____ 2. ____

Back 28

1. Transmembrane proteins

2. Peripheral membrane proteins

Front 29

Name some functions of the cell membrane proteins?

Back 29

receptors on the cell surface, starting signal transduction, aid pass of molecules and ions

Front 30

Membrane proteins perform a variety of ______ and vary in ____

Back 30

Functions, Shape

Front 31

Define Globular proteins

Back 31

communication channels

--> amino acids and sacharides enter the cell when the channel is opened.

Front 32

Why do some proteins on the cell membrane have carbohydrates attached to them?

Back 32

These complexes are used in cell identification.

Front 33

membrane proteins called ____ ____ _____ help determine one cell's interaction with others.

Back 33

cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Front 34

transmembrane proteins acts as _______

Back 34

channels

Front 35

what diffusion requires no energy?

Back 35

PASSIVE, from high to low concentration

Front 36

what diffusion require energy?

Back 36

ACTIVE, from low to high concentration

Front 37

A membrane protein exposed to the outside of the cell may have binding site with a specific shape and fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone. The external signal may cause a change in shape in the protein that initiates a chain of chemical rxns in the cell.

Back 37

Receptors for signal transduction

Front 38

Elements of the _____ (cell's internal support) and the ____ _____ fibers and other substances outside the cell) may be anchored to membrane proteins, which may help maintain the shape and fix the locations of certain membrane proteins. Others play a role in cell movement or bind adjacent cells together.

Back 38

Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

Front 39

Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of _____ _____. Some membrane proteins (CAMs) of this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-to-cell interactions.

Back 39

INTERCELLULAR INTERACTION --> Communication of cell back and forth to each other

Front 40

what recognition do Some glycoproteins (proteins bonded to short chains of sugars) serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells.

Back 40

Cell-Cell RECOGNITION

Front 41

Define Desmosomes

Back 41

ANCHORING (STRENGTHEN) junctions that bind adjacent cells together and help form internal tension reducing network of fibers

Front 42

Define Tight Junctions

Back 42

Impermeable molecules that loop around and tie membrane together. Helps things to not get in between the cell wall

Front 43

Define Gap Junction

Back 43

Communication junctions allowing small ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another

Front 44

What does a cytoplasm consist of?

Back 44

1. a clear liquid known as CYTOSOL

2. a supportive cytoskeleton

3. Networks of membranes and organelles.

Front 45

What is made up of membranes, flattened sacs, and vesicles, and provides a tubular transport system inside the cell?

Back 45

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 46

What ER functions in protein synthesis?

Back 46

Rough ER

Front 47

What ER functions in lipid (cholesterol) synthesis?

Back 47

Smooth ER

Front 48

____ are the machinery of the cell

Back 48

Organelles

Front 49

Where are ribosomes found?

Back 49

With rough ER (exported out of cell) and are scattered throughout the cytoplasm (used in the cell).

Front 50

What are ribosomes composed of? What do they provide?

Back 50

Composed of protein and RNA. They provide a structural support for the RNA molecules that together in protein synthesis.

Front 51

What is composed of flattened sac and connected to the ER, that refines, packages, modifies, and delivers proteins?

Back 51

Golgi apparatus

Front 52

How are vesicles formed?

Back 52

formed on ER travel to the Golgi apparatus which modifies their contents chemically. They are specialized to receive glycoproteins (sugars bound to protein). The glycoproteins pass from layer to layer through the Golgi. The altered glyocproteins branch off and form transport vesicles.

Front 53

When a vesicles moves to the outside of the cell, this is called?

Back 53

exocytosis

Front 54

the "receiving" side of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 54

CIS

Front 55

The "shipping" side of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 55

TRANS

Front 56

____ are the 'garabage disposal' of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria

Back 56

Lysosomes

Front 57

_____ contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol. They are abundant in the liver and kidney cells.

Back 57

Peroxisomes

Front 58

____ the powerhouse of the cell and contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration.

Back 58

Mitochondria

Front 59

the inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded into _____ which hold the enzymes needed to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 59

cristae

Front 60

Mitochondria have their own ____ & ___, therefore being able to reproduce themselves (muscles have more if you work out)

Back 60

DNA & RNA

Front 61

lysosomes are found in _____

Back 61

macrophages

Front 62

what disease lacks lysosomes and found in middle eastern jews?

Back 62

Tay Sachs

Front 63

Define Aerobic Respiration

Back 63

Presence of OXYGEN when more ATP is produced inside and outside of mitochondria

Front 64

Define Anaerobic Respiration

Back 64

WITHOUT OXYGEN

Front 65

______ and ____ are thin, threadlike structures that serve as the cytoskeleton of the cell.

Back 65

microfilaments and microtubules

Front 66

_______ are made of actin, cause various cellular movements. they help support framework

Back 66

microfilaments

Front 67

_____ made of globular protein tubulin, are arranged in 9 + 2 pattern of tubules, that is 9 outside tubules form a ring around two inner ones. MOVEMENT

Back 67

microtubules

Front 68

_____ are made up of tough insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes

Back 68

Intermediate Filaments

Front 69

______ is structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division. During cell division (mitosis) they distribute chromosomes to newly formed cells.

Back 69

Centrosome

Front 70

_____ & ____ are motile extensions from the cell; shorter cilia are abundant on the free surfaces of certain epithelial cells (respiratory linings), and a lengthy flagellum can be found on sperm cells

Back 70

Cilia & Flagella

Front 71

What is the purpose of Cilia?

Back 71

Move debris, structure, mucus ALONG A CELL WALL.

*Does not move the cell

Front 72

What is the purpose of Flagella?

Back 72

A single tail that moves the cell, sperm

Front 73

____ form from part of the cell membrane or the Golgi and store materials.

Back 73

Vesicles

Front 74

____ form from part of the cell membrane or the Golgi and store materials.

Back 74

Vesicles

Front 75

What are the three major parts of the nucleus?

Back 75

1. Nuclear membrane
2. Nucleolus
3. Chromatin

Front 76

______ _____ is where the nuclear pores of the nucleus are, so RNA can get out

Back 76

nuclear membrane

Front 77

______ is composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production

Back 77

nucleolus

Front 78

______ consists of loosely coiled fibers protein and DNA. The DNA contains the information for protein synthesis

Back 78

chromatin

Front 79

____ regulate protein synthesis

Back 79

nucleus

Front 80

_____ detoxification, lipid synthesis, and calcium ion storage

Back 80

smooth ER

Front 81

_____ protein synthesis and making transport vesicles

Back 81

rough ER

Front 82

_______ modification and storage making transport vesicles

Back 82

golgi

Front 83

_____ storage and transport

Back 83

vacuole

Front 84

____ anchoring for mitosis

Back 84

centriole

Front 85

where does cellular respiration occur?

Back 85

mitochondria

Front 86

intracellular digestive enzymes, breakdown of old organelles

Back 86

lysosomes

Front 87

_____ is caused by random motion and involves the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Back 87

Diffusion

Front 88

cells are composed mainly of ____ based ingredients

Back 88

carbon

Front 89

____ ____ uses membrane proteins that function as carriers to move molecules (such as glucose) across the cell membrane.

Back 89

Facilitated Diffusion (Passive)

Front 90

what limits the rate of the facilitated diffusion process?

Back 90

the number of carrier molecules in the cell membrane

Front 91

Define osmosis

Back 91

a special case of diffusion in which water moves from an area of greater concentration (where there is less osmotic pressure) across a selectively permeable membrane to an area of lower concentration (where there is greater osmotic pressure).

Front 92

____ ____ is the ability of osmosis to lift a volume of water.

Back 92

osmotic pressure

Front 93

A solution that has the same osmotic pressure is called _____

Back 93

isotonic

Front 94

A solution with the higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is ____

Back 94

hypertonic (draw water up-shrink)

Front 95

A solution with lower osmotic pressure than body fluids____

Back 95

hypotonic (increase water, lyse)

Front 96

____ is the amount of water in each cell

Back 96

tonicity

Front 97

A solution that has the same osmotic pressure is called _____

Back 97

isotonic

Front 98

A solution with the higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is ____

Back 98

hypertonic (draw water up-shrink)

Front 99

A solution with lower osmotic pressure than body fluids____

Back 99

hypotonic (increase water, lyse)

Front 100

____ is the amount of water in each cell

Back 100

tonicity

Front 101

What does diffusion enable?

Back 101

It enables oxygen and CO2 molecule to be exchanged between the air and the blood on the lungs, and between blood and tissue cells.

Front 102

because of _____ ____, pressure molecules can be forced through membranes by the process of filtration. Blood pressure is an example

Back 102

hydrostatic pressure (FILTRATION)

Front 103

____ ____ of fat soluble molecules directly through the phospholipid bilayer

Back 103

simple diffusion

Front 104

______ _____ via a protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding to a substrate causes shape change in transport protein

Back 104

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

Front 105

_____ ____ through a channel protein, mostly ions selected on basis of size and shape

Back 105

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

Front 106

how much cell's energy supply is used to fuel active transport?

Back 106

40%

Front 107

How does Active Transport work?

Back 107

The union of the specific particle to be transported with its carrier protein triggers the releases of cellular energy (ATP), which in turn alters the shape of the carrier protein, releasing the particle to the other side of the membrane.

Front 108

what particles are ACTIVELY transported?

Back 108

sugars, amino acids, and sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrogen ions, as well as nutrient molecules in the intestine.

Front 109

in _____, molecules that are too large to be transported by other means are engulfed by an _____ of the cell membrane and carried into the cell surrounded by a ______.

Back 109

endocytosis, invagination, vesicle.

Front 110

what are the three forms of endocytosis?

Back 110

1, pinocytosis
2. phagocytosis
3. receptor-mediate endocytosis

Front 111

what form of endocytosis engulfs liquids?

Back 111

pinocytosis

Front 112

what form of endocytosis takes larger particles, such as a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium,

Back 112

phagocytosis

Front 113

what form of endocytosis allows very specific molecules (ligands) that pair up with specific receptors on the cell surface.

Back 113

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 114

most vesicles are protein coated, endocytosis is coated by what protein?

Back 114

clathrin

Front 115

True or False endocytosis requires energy?

Back 115

True

Front 116

what does the cell cycle consist of?

Back 116

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, and differentiation

Front 117

True or False, cells divide continually?

Back 117

False, cells have a maximum number of times they can divide because of built in clocks called telomere on the tips of chromosome

Front 118

What happens to telomeres each time a cell divides?

Back 118

a telemore breaks off and its gets smaller until it can no longer reproduce resulting in cell death

Front 119

What are the steps in interphase?

Back 119

G1, S, G2

Front 120

what happens in G1 on interphase?

Back 120

The organelles are duplicated and the cell grows (6-8 hr life span)

Front 121

what does the cell cycle consist of?

Back 121

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, and differentiation

Front 122

True or False, cells divide continually?

Back 122

False, cells have a maximum number of times they can divide because of built in clocks called telomere on the tips of chromosome

Front 123

What happens to telomeres each time a cell divides?

Back 123

a telemore breaks off and its gets smaller until it can no longer reproduce resulting in cell death

Front 124

What are the steps in interphase?

Back 124

G1, S, G2

Front 125

what happens in G1 on interphase?

Back 125

The organelles are duplicated and the cell grows (6-8 hr life span)

Front 126

What happens in the S phase of interphase?

Back 126

DNA replication

Front 127

What happens in the G2 phase of interphase?

Back 127

Growth of pattern of the cell continues. Enzymes and different proteins are duplicated and ready to divide. 4-6 hrs (shorter than G1 phase)

Front 128

_____ is a careful orchestrated division of the nucleus of the cell that results in each daughter cell an exact copy of the mother genetic material.

Back 128

Mitosis

Front 129

____ is where four cells (sperm or ova) are produced, each contains half of the parents cell's genetic information

Back 129

Meiosis

Front 130

What are the four stages of mitosis?

Back 130

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 131

_____ begins during anaphase of mitosis and continues as a contractile ring pinches the two new cells

Back 131

cytokinesis

Front 132

what happens in the telophase of mitosis?

Back 132

this is the final stage in mitosis, its is where when the nuclear envelope reappears, chromosomes have completed their migration and begin to unwind.

Front 133

_____ id s form of cell death that is a normal part of development

Back 133

apoptosis

Front 134

what happens in apoptosis?

Back 134

caspases enzyme is released and it cleans everything up, destroys the DNA so it wont disrupt other cells. Lysosomes eat it up.

Front 135

what are the three phases if cellular respiration?

Back 135

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Front 136

each molecules goes through the three stages of cellular respiration how many times?

Back 136

twice

Front 137

what happens in the glycolysis stage of cellular respiration?

Back 137

anaerobic (w/o oxygen). The initial stage of breakdown of glycolysis in the cytoplasm.

Front 138

what happens in the citric acid cycle?

Back 138

aerobic in the mitochondria, 4 ATPS

Front 139

electron transport chain?

Back 139

up to 34 ATP's in mitochondria, aerobic. MOST OF THE ATP COMES FROM HERE

Front 140

what is the importance of glucose?

Back 140

it is the energy source of the cell where OXYGEN is used to MAXIMIZE energy by mitochondria

Front 141

energy is the breaking of _____

Back 141

bonds

Front 142

what does glucose make?

Back 142

2 pyruvate acids which go into the mitochondria

Front 143

electrons are carried via ____

Back 143

NADH (nicotinanide Adenine dinculeotide)

Front 144

DNA going into RNA is

Back 144

transcription

Front 145

RNA to PROTEIN is

Back 145

translation

Front 146

A triplet of a nucleotide in messenger RNA is called what

Back 146

a codon