Human Anatomy By Mckinley Ch.3 Vocab

Front 1

Differentiation

Back 1

leads to the formation and organization of all the diverse cell types

Front 2

prenatal period

Back 2

the first 38 weeks of human development (pregnancy)

Front 3

pre-embryonic period

Back 3

first 2 weeks of development, zygote becomes a blastocyst, implants in uterus

Front 4

embryonic period

Back 4

third through eigth weeks of development

Front 5

fetal period

Back 5

remaining 30 weeks of development prior to birth

Front 6

embryogenesis

Back 6

first developmental stage, includes clevage, gastrulation, and organogenesis

Front 7

cleavage

Back 7

zygote divides by mitosis to form a blastocyst

Front 8

gastrulation

Back 8

blastocyst forms three primary germ layers, all body tissue will develop from these

Front 9

organogenesis

Back 9

germ layers arrange themselves in ways that give rise to all the organs

Front 10

gametes

Back 10

sex organs

Front 11

autosomes

Back 11

contain genetic info for human characteristics

Front 12

tetrad

Back 12

actual pair of homologous chromosomes

Front 13

Steps of Meiosis

Back 13

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis I and II

Front 14

oogonia

Back 14

female diploid cells that undergo the process of meiosis

Front 15

Primary oocytes

Back 15

arrested in Prophase I until female reaches puberty

Front 16

polar body

Back 16

when female eggs go through mitosis, only one of the two gets bulk of cytoplasm, the other dies off (this happens twice)

Front 17

secondary oocyte

Back 17

the egg that matures, has bulk of cytoplasm, and can be fertilized

Front 18

Fertilization

Back 18

process whereby two sex cells fuse to form a new cell containig genetic material from both parents

Front 19

Capacitation

Back 19

a period of conditioning for sperm that enable it to fertilize the egg (digestive enzymes)

Front 20

acrosome

Back 20

membranous cap at head of sperm

Front 21

Polyspermy

Back 21

more than one sperm accidentally fertilizes the egg-immediate fatality

Front 22

Morula

Back 22

the 16-cell stage of baby development

Front 23

Trophpoblast

Back 23

an outer ring of cells surrounding the fluid-filled cavity of blastocyst

Front 24

Embryoblast

Back 24

inner cell mass of a blastocyst,
divides into hypoblast/epiblast, or blastodisc

Front 25

Functional layer

Back 25

layer of endometrium (not basal) where implantation penetrates

Front 26

Cytotrophoblast

Back 26

the inner cellular layer of the trophoblast after it divides

Front 27

Syncytiotrophoblast

Back 27

the outer, thick layer of the trophoblast after it divides

Front 28

yolk sac

Back 28

the first extraembryonic membrane to form

Front 29

amnion

Back 29

thin membrane formed from and continuous with epiblast

Front 30

chorion

Back 30

outermost extraembryonic membrane, eventually blend with endometrium and form the placenta

Front 31

Functions of the Placenta

Back 31

exchange nutrients, waste and gases, maternal antibodies, productions of hormones to maintain and build uterine lining

Front 32

connecting stalk

Back 32

precursor to umbilical cord

Front 33

gastrulation

Back 33

process by which the cells of the epiblast migrate and form the three primary germ layers

Front 34

invagination

Back 34

cells detach from the epiblast layer and migrate through the primitive streak between the epiblast and hypoblast

Front 35

mesoderm

Back 35

middle layer

Front 36

endoderm

Back 36

cells that take the place of the hypoblast (side opposite primitive streak)

Front 37

ectoderm

Back 37

cells that remain in the epiblast

Front 38

cephalocaudal folding

Back 38

occurs in the cephalic (head) and caudal (tail) regions of the embryo

Front 39

transverse folding

Back 39

occurs when the left and right sides of the embryo curve and migrate towards the midline, restricts and pinches the yolk sack (becomes gut tube)

Front 40

notochord

Back 40

forms immediately internal and parallel to the primitive streak, beginnings of nervous system tube

Front 41

somites

Back 41

praxial mesoderm, blocklike masses responsible for the formation of muscle

Front 42

intermediate mesoderm

Back 42

forms most of the urinary and reproductive system

Front 43

lateral plate mesoderm

Back 43

on both sides of neural tube, thin and give rise to cardiovascular system, lining of body cavities, and connective tissue

Front 44

head mesenchyme

Back 44

mesoderm that forms connective tissues and musculature of the face

Front 45

organogenesis

Back 45

organ development

Front 46

teratogens

Back 46

substances that can cause birth defects or death (alcohol, tobacco smoke, drugs, some viruses, aspirin)

Front 47

fetal period

Back 47

from beginning of third month of development to birth, maturation

Front 48

CRL and CHL

Back 48

crown-rump length and crown-heel length

Front 49

totipotent

Back 49

cell that has the potential to differentiate into any cell or tissue type in the body