Human Anatomy By Mckinley Ch. 4 Vocab

Front 1

tissues

Back 1

groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function

Front 2

histology

Back 2

study of tissues and their relationships within organs

Front 3

four principle types of tissues

Back 3

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Front 4

tissue functions and locations

Back 4

review table 4.1 on page 82

Front 5

Epithelial tissue

Back 5

lines every body surface, cavities, external and internal, no blood vessels penetrate

Front 6

apical surface

Back 6

epithelial, exposed to external environment or internal body space

Front 7

basal surface

Back 7

fixed, or bottom surface where epithelium is attached to the underlying connective tissue

Front 8

basement membrane

Back 8

a thin extracellular layer that is between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue/basal and reticular lamina

Front 9

basal lamina

Back 9

contains collegen fibers as well as protein and carb macromolecules that are secreted by the cells of epithelium

Front 10

reticular lamina

Back 10

contians protein fibers and both kinds of macromolecules

Front 11

intercellular junctions

Back 11

specialized connections in lateral membranes that strongly bind epithelial cells together

Front 12

tight junction (zonula)

Back 12

encircles epithelial cells near apical surface and completely attaches each cell to its neighbor

Front 13

adhering junction

Back 13

formed completely around the cell, really only needed on the apical surface

Front 14

desmosome

Back 14

small region that holds cells together and provides resistance to mechanical stress at a single point, but does not encircle whole cell ("button or snap")

Front 15

gap junction

Back 15

formed across the intercellular gap between neighboring cells, bridged by six transmembrane proteins called connexons, direct passageway between cells

Front 16

simple epithelium

Back 16

one cell layer thick

Front 17

stratified epithelium

Back 17

contains two or more layers of epithelial cells

Front 18

pseudostratified epithelium

Back 18

looks layered becausaed the cells'nuclei are distributed at different levels between apical and basal surfaces (all touch basal, but not all apical)

Front 19

squamous cells

Back 19

flat, wide, and irregular in shape

Front 20

cuboidal cells

Back 20

about as tall as they are wide

Front 21

columnar cells

Back 21

slender and taller than they are wide

Front 22

transitional cells

Back 22

can readily change their shape or appearance depending on how stretched the epithelium becomes

Front 23

Types of Epithelium

Back 23

review table 4.2 on page 86

Front 24

endothelium

Back 24

the epithelium that lines the lumen of the blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart

Front 25

mesothelium

Back 25

simple squamous epithelium that lines the internal walls of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities

Front 26

microvilli

Back 26

tiny, cytoplasmic projections on the apical surface that increase the surface area for secretion and absoption

Front 27

nonkeratinized stratified squamour epithelium

Back 27

remain alive all the way to its apical surface, kept moist with mucus

Front 28

keratinized statified squamous epithelium

Back 28

apical surface layers of the cells are dead, lack nuclei, filled with tough, protective protein called keratin

Front 29

a key to determining transitional epithelium from nonkeritinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 29

there are a handful of binucleated cells

Front 30

glands

Back 30

individual cells or multicellular organs composed predominantly of epithelial tissue

Front 31

endocrine glands

Back 31

lack ducts and secrete their products directly into the interstitial fluid and bloodstream

Front 32

exocrine glands

Back 32

originate from an invagination of epithelium, maintain contact with surface through duct (tube that secretes)

Front 33

unicellular exocrine gland

Back 33

predominantly nonsecretory

Front 34

acini

Back 34

section of a exocrine gland that produces the secretion

Front 35

duct

Back 35

transports the secretion to the epithelium

Front 36

septa

Back 36

partition the gland internally into compartments called lobes

Front 37

stroma

Back 37

connective tissue framework of the gland

Front 38

parenchyma

Back 38

the functional cells of the gland that produce and secrete the gland products

Front 39

tubuloacinar gland

Back 39

a gland with both secretory tubules and secretory acini

Front 40

serous glands

Back 40

produce and secrete a nonviscous, watery fluid like sweat, milk, tears

Front 41

mucus glands

Back 41

secrete mucin, forms mucus when mixed with water, in mouth

Front 42

mixed glands

Back 42

salivary glands contain both serous and mucus cells

Front 43

merocrine glands

Back 43

package their secretions in structures called secretory vesicles, stay intact

Front 44

holocrine glands

Back 44

formed from cells that accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates

Front 45

apocrine glands

Back 45

composed of cells that accumulate their secretory products within the apical portion of their cytoplasm, apical portion is pinched off to delivery secretory product

Front 46

Connective tissue

Back 46

the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically variable of the tissues

Front 47

three basic components of connective tissue

Back 47

cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

Front 48

collagen fibers

Back 48

strong and stretch-resistant protein fibers

Front 49

elastic fibers

Back 49

flexible and risilient protein fibers

Front 50

reticular fibers

Back 50

interwoven framework of protein fibers

Front 51

extracellular matrix

Back 51

formed by ground substance and protein fibers

Front 52

ground substance

Back 52

nonliving material made from protein and carbohydrate and variable amounts of water

Front 53

mesenchyme

Back 53

connective tissue with star-shaped or spindle-shaped cells in a gel-like ground substance, source for all other connective tissue

Front 54

mucous connective tissue

Back 54

in umbilical cord, absent in adults

Front 55

resident cells

Back 55

permanently contained in the connective tissue

Front 56

wandering cells

Back 56

move throughout the connective tissue and are involved in immune protection and repair

Front 57

cells of connective tissue proper

Back 57

review table 4.7 on page 99

Front 58

leukocytes

Back 58

white blood cells

Front 59

connective tissue proper

Back 59

review table 4.8 on page 101

Front 60

How do make more fat cells when they don't divide?

Back 60

mesenchymal cells can provide additional adipose cells if the body has extra nutrients

Front 61

stroma

Back 61

structural framework

Front 62

dense connective tissues

Back 62

composed primarily of protein fibers and have proportionately less ground subbstance, collagenous tissues, collagen major fiber type

Front 63

dense regular connective tissue

Back 63

found in tendons and ligaments, lacks a lot of blood vessels

Front 64

dense irregular connective tissue

Back 64

scattered meshwork, deep portion of the dermis, withstand forces from any direction, cartilage, bone, supports and houses internal organs

Front 65

elastic connective tissue

Back 65

branching elastic fibers and more fibroblasts and densely packed collagen fibers, deform and then return to normal shape

Front 66

supporting connective tissue

Back 66

cartilage and bone

Front 67

chondrocytes

Back 67

mature cartilage cells

Front 68

hyaline cartilage

Back 68

most common type and weakest, forms fetal skeleton, nose

Front 69

fibrocartilage

Back 69

good shock absorber, no perchondrium

Front 70

elastic cartilage

Back 70

extremely resilient and flexible, found in epiglottis and external ear

Front 71

osseous connective tissue

Back 71

bone, 1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic

Front 72

periosteum

Back 72

similar to perichondrium of cartilage (protective irregular connective tissue)

Front 73

compact bone

Back 73

completely solid and usually forms the hard outer shell of the bone

Front 74

spongy bone

Back 74

fills the interior of a bone, contains spaces or latticework structure

Front 75

ostens

Back 75

run parallel to shafts of bone, nerves and blood vessels run through its canals

Front 76

blood

Back 76

fluid connective tissue composed of cells called formed elements

Front 77

erythrocytes

Back 77

red blood cells

Front 78

leukocytes

Back 78

white blood cells

Front 79

platelets

Back 79

blood cells involved in clotting

Front 80

plasma

Back 80

dissolved protein fibers and the watery ground substance form extracellular matrix of blood

Front 81

cutaneous membrane

Back 81

the skin

Front 82

muscle tissue

Back 82

specialized fibers that respond to stimulation from the nervous system by undergoing internal changes that cause them to shorten

Front 83

skeletal muscle tissue

Back 83

long, cylindrical muscle cells called muscle fibers, multinucleated, STRIATED AND VOLUNTARY

Front 84

cardiac muscle tissue

Back 84

confined to the thick middle layer of the heart wall, STRIATED AND INVOLUNTARY

Front 85

intercalated discs

Back 85

strong gap junctions between cardiac muscle tissue cells

Front 86

smooth (visceral) muscle tissue

Back 86

lacks striation, found in walls of most viscera, INVOLUNTARY as in stomach, blood vessels, uterus

Front 87

glial cells

Back 87

support, protect, and provide a framework for neurons

Front 88

dendrites

Back 88

short, branched processes that receive incoming signals from other cells

Front 89

axon

Back 89

long nerve cell process, carries outgoing signals (only one)

Front 90

metaplasia

Back 90

transformation of epithelium

Front 91

regeneration

Back 91

replacement of damaged or deal cells with the same type of cell

Front 92

fibrosis

Back 92

binds "broken" parts back together, scar tissue does not restore function

Front 93

apoptosis

Back 93

cells shrink and are quickly phagocytized by macrophages, no inflammatory response, fingers form this way

Front 94

necrosis

Back 94

cell death due to damage that is not reversible, inflammatory response