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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
tissues
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groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function
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histology
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study of tissues and their relationships within organs
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four principle types of tissues
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epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
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tissue functions and locations
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review table 4.1 on page 82
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Epithelial tissue
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lines every body surface, cavities, external and internal, no blood vessels penetrate
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apical surface
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epithelial, exposed to external environment or internal body space
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basal surface
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fixed, or bottom surface where epithelium is attached to the underlying connective tissue
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basement membrane
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a thin extracellular layer that is between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue/basal and reticular lamina
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basal lamina
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contains collegen fibers as well as protein and carb macromolecules that are secreted by the cells of epithelium
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reticular lamina
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contians protein fibers and both kinds of macromolecules
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intercellular junctions
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specialized connections in lateral membranes that strongly bind epithelial cells together
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tight junction (zonula)
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encircles epithelial cells near apical surface and completely attaches each cell to its neighbor
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adhering junction
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formed completely around the cell, really only needed on the apical surface
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desmosome
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small region that holds cells together and provides resistance to mechanical stress at a single point, but does not encircle whole cell ("button or snap")
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gap junction
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formed across the intercellular gap between neighboring cells, bridged by six transmembrane proteins called connexons, direct passageway between cells
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simple epithelium
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one cell layer thick
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stratified epithelium
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contains two or more layers of epithelial cells
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pseudostratified epithelium
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looks layered becausaed the cells'nuclei are distributed at different levels between apical and basal surfaces (all touch basal, but not all apical)
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squamous cells
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flat, wide, and irregular in shape
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cuboidal cells
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about as tall as they are wide
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columnar cells
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slender and taller than they are wide
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transitional cells
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can readily change their shape or appearance depending on how stretched the epithelium becomes
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Types of Epithelium
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review table 4.2 on page 86
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endothelium
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the epithelium that lines the lumen of the blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart
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mesothelium
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simple squamous epithelium that lines the internal walls of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities
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microvilli
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tiny, cytoplasmic projections on the apical surface that increase the surface area for secretion and absoption
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nonkeratinized stratified squamour epithelium
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remain alive all the way to its apical surface, kept moist with mucus
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keratinized statified squamous epithelium
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apical surface layers of the cells are dead, lack nuclei, filled with tough, protective protein called keratin
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a key to determining transitional epithelium from nonkeritinized stratified squamous epithelium
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there are a handful of binucleated cells
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glands
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individual cells or multicellular organs composed predominantly of epithelial tissue
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endocrine glands
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lack ducts and secrete their products directly into the interstitial fluid and bloodstream
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exocrine glands
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originate from an invagination of epithelium, maintain contact with surface through duct (tube that secretes)
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unicellular exocrine gland
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predominantly nonsecretory
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acini
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section of a exocrine gland that produces the secretion
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duct
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transports the secretion to the epithelium
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septa
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partition the gland internally into compartments called lobes
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stroma
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connective tissue framework of the gland
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parenchyma
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the functional cells of the gland that produce and secrete the gland products
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tubuloacinar gland
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a gland with both secretory tubules and secretory acini
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serous glands
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produce and secrete a nonviscous, watery fluid like sweat, milk, tears
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mucus glands
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secrete mucin, forms mucus when mixed with water, in mouth
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mixed glands
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salivary glands contain both serous and mucus cells
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merocrine glands
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package their secretions in structures called secretory vesicles, stay intact
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holocrine glands
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formed from cells that accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates
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apocrine glands
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composed of cells that accumulate their secretory products within the apical portion of their cytoplasm, apical portion is pinched off to delivery secretory product
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Connective tissue
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the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically variable of the tissues
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three basic components of connective tissue
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cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
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collagen fibers
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strong and stretch-resistant protein fibers
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elastic fibers
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flexible and risilient protein fibers
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reticular fibers
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interwoven framework of protein fibers
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extracellular matrix
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formed by ground substance and protein fibers
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ground substance
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nonliving material made from protein and carbohydrate and variable amounts of water
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mesenchyme
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connective tissue with star-shaped or spindle-shaped cells in a gel-like ground substance, source for all other connective tissue
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mucous connective tissue
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in umbilical cord, absent in adults
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resident cells
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permanently contained in the connective tissue
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wandering cells
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move throughout the connective tissue and are involved in immune protection and repair
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cells of connective tissue proper
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review table 4.7 on page 99
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leukocytes
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white blood cells
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connective tissue proper
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review table 4.8 on page 101
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How do make more fat cells when they don't divide?
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mesenchymal cells can provide additional adipose cells if the body has extra nutrients
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stroma
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structural framework
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dense connective tissues
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composed primarily of protein fibers and have proportionately less ground subbstance, collagenous tissues, collagen major fiber type
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dense regular connective tissue
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found in tendons and ligaments, lacks a lot of blood vessels
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dense irregular connective tissue
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scattered meshwork, deep portion of the dermis, withstand forces from any direction, cartilage, bone, supports and houses internal organs
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elastic connective tissue
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branching elastic fibers and more fibroblasts and densely packed collagen fibers, deform and then return to normal shape
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supporting connective tissue
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cartilage and bone
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chondrocytes
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mature cartilage cells
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hyaline cartilage
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most common type and weakest, forms fetal skeleton, nose
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fibrocartilage
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good shock absorber, no perchondrium
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elastic cartilage
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extremely resilient and flexible, found in epiglottis and external ear
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osseous connective tissue
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bone, 1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic
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periosteum
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similar to perichondrium of cartilage (protective irregular connective tissue)
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compact bone
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completely solid and usually forms the hard outer shell of the bone
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spongy bone
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fills the interior of a bone, contains spaces or latticework structure
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ostens
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run parallel to shafts of bone, nerves and blood vessels run through its canals
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blood
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fluid connective tissue composed of cells called formed elements
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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leukocytes
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white blood cells
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platelets
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blood cells involved in clotting
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plasma
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dissolved protein fibers and the watery ground substance form extracellular matrix of blood
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cutaneous membrane
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the skin
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muscle tissue
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specialized fibers that respond to stimulation from the nervous system by undergoing internal changes that cause them to shorten
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skeletal muscle tissue
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long, cylindrical muscle cells called muscle fibers, multinucleated, STRIATED AND VOLUNTARY
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cardiac muscle tissue
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confined to the thick middle layer of the heart wall, STRIATED AND INVOLUNTARY
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intercalated discs
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strong gap junctions between cardiac muscle tissue cells
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smooth (visceral) muscle tissue
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lacks striation, found in walls of most viscera, INVOLUNTARY as in stomach, blood vessels, uterus
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glial cells
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support, protect, and provide a framework for neurons
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dendrites
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short, branched processes that receive incoming signals from other cells
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axon
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long nerve cell process, carries outgoing signals (only one)
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metaplasia
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transformation of epithelium
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regeneration
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replacement of damaged or deal cells with the same type of cell
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fibrosis
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binds "broken" parts back together, scar tissue does not restore function
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apoptosis
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cells shrink and are quickly phagocytized by macrophages, no inflammatory response, fingers form this way
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necrosis
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cell death due to damage that is not reversible, inflammatory response
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