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39 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Functions of the skeletal system (6):

Support


Protection


Aid in Movement


Mineral storage and release


Blood cell production


Triglyceride storage

Types of bones (shape)

Long


Short


Flat


Irregular


Sesamoid


Sutural (classified by location, not shape)

Diaphysis of the bone

Shaft or body; long, cylindrical, main portion of bone

Epiphyses

Proximal and distal ends of bone

Metaphyses

Regions between diaphysis and epiphyses; in growing bone, contains epiphyseal plate.

Articular cartilage

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where bone forms articulation with another bone

Periosteum

Tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds bone surface where it is not surrounded by articular cartilage.

Medullary Cavity

Marrow cavity; hollow cylindrical space within diaphysis that contains fatty, yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults.

Endosteum

Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity; contains single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.

Fissure

Narrow slits between adjacent parts of bone where blood vessels and nerves pass

Foramen

Hole; opening where blood vessels, nerve, and ligaments pass

Fossa

Trench: Shallow depression

Sulcus

Groove; furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessels, nerves, or tendons

Meatus

Passageway; Tubelike opening

Condyle

Knuckle; Large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of a bone.

Facet

Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface

Head

Usually rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone

Epicondyle

Typically roughened projection above a condyle

Line

Long, narrow ridge or border (e.g. Linea aspera of the femur)

Crest

Prominent ridge or elongated (e.g, Iliac crest)

Trochanter

Very large projection

Tubercle

Knob; Variable sized rounded projection

Tuberosity

Variable sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface

Hydroxyapatite

Crystals; Mineral components of bone combined with other mineral salts (calcium carbonate) and ions (magnesium, fluoride, potassium, and sulfate) that is deposited in the framework formed by collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix, later to crystallize, causing calcification.

Calcification

Tissue hardening

Osteogenic cells

Unspecialized bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme.

Osteoblasts

Bone-building cells; synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build extracellular matrix of bone tissue, and initiate calcification.


*Does not undergo cell division

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells; main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism (exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood).


*Does not undergo cell division

Osteoclasts

Huge cells derived from the fusion of many as 50 monocytes (white blood cell).


Has plasma membrane deeply folded into ruffled border on bone surface facing side.


Releases powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of underlying extracellular matrix of bone (resorption)

Ossification

Bone formation.

Types of ossification of bone

Intramembranous-formed from mesenchyme (from scratch); Only Irregular, flat, and short bones.


Endochondral-develop intially from hyaline cartilage; begins forming late in 2nd month of human development-continues into adulthood

Compact bone

"Cortical" or "dense"


Surface of bone; can extend deeper into bone


Makes up bulk of diaphysis

Spongy bone

"trabecular" or "cencellous"


Interior of bone; covered by compact bone


comsists of lamellae

Characteristics of long bone

Greater length than width; consists of diaphysis and variable number of epiphyses.


Slightly curved for strength; mostly compact bone

Characteristics of short bone

Somewhat cube-shape and nearly equal in length, width, and depth.


e.g. most carpal and most tarsal

Characteristics of Flat bone

Generally thin and compose of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.


*In cranial bones, the spongy is referred to as diploe.


e.g. cranial, sternum, ribs

Characteristics of Irregular bone

Complex shapes; vary in amount of compact and spongy bone

Characteristics of sesamoid bone

Shaped like a sesame seed; Develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, compression, and physical stress

Growth Hormone effect on bone growth

Stimulates epiphyseal plates