Human Anatomy And Physiology: Senses

Front 1

Ability to perceive stimuli

Back 1

Sense

Front 2

Conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors.

Back 2

Sensation/Perception

Front 3

Two groups of senses

Back 3

Somatic senses

Visceral senses

Front 4

Provide sensory information about the body and the environment.

Back 4

Somatic senses

Front 5

Provide information about various internal organs, consist primarily of pain and pressure.

Back 5

Visceral senses

Front 6

Sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potential.

Back 6

Receptors

Front 7

A receptor absorbs energy from the stimulus.

Back 7

Transduction

Front 8

Types of receptors

Back 8

Mechanoreceptors- mechanical ene.

Chemoreceptors- chemicals

Photoreceptors- light

Thermoreceptors- temperature

Nocireceptors- pain

Free Nerve Endings- hot or cold

Touch Receptors

Merkel's Disks

Hair Follicle Receptors

Meissners Corpuscles

Ruffini's Organs

Pacinian Corpuscles

Front 9

Most common type of receptor

Back 9

Free Nerve Endings

Front 10

Group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences

Back 10

Pain

Front 11

Two types of pain sensation

Back 11

Superficial Pain

Deep/Visceral Pain

Front 12

Two types of Anesthesia

Back 12

Local and General

Front 13

Natural pain relievers

Back 13

Endorphins and Enkephalins

Front 14

Action potentials close the gate and inhibit action potentials carried to the brain by lateral spinothalamic tract.,

Back 14

Gate Control Theory

Front 15

A painful sensation perceived to originate in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus

Back 15

Referred Pain

Front 16

Types of Special Senses

Back 16

1. Smell/Olfaction

2. Taste/Gustatory

3. Sight/Vision

4. Hearing/Auditory

5. Balance/Equilibrium

Front 17

Bipolar neurons within olfactory epithelium which lines the superior nasal cavity and their ends are modified into bulbous enlargements

Back 17

Olfactory Neurons

Front 18

Sensory receptors responsible in taste sensation

Back 18

Taste Buds

Front 19

Enlargements on the surface of the tongue

Back 19

Papillae

Front 20

Two types of cell in each taste bud

Back 20

Specialized Epithelial cells

Taste cells

Front 21

Taste Sensations

Back 21

Sour

Salty

Bitter

Sweet

Umami

Front 22

Includes the eyes, accessory receptors and the sensory neurons that project to the cerebral cortex, where action potentials conveying visual information are interpreted.

Back 22

Visual System

Front 23

Sphere that measures about 1 inch

Back 23

Eye

Front 24

Accessory Structures of the Eyes

Back 24

Eyebrows

Eyelids

Conjunctiva

Lacrimal Apparatus

Extrinsic Eye muscles

Front 25

Protects the eyes by preventing perspiration and other irritants from running down the eyes.

Back 25

Eyebrows

Front 26

Together with eyelashes, protect the eyes from foreign objects through blinking reflex (20 times/min.)

Back 26

Eyelids

Front 27

Thin transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and anterior surface of the eye.

Back 27

Conjunctiva

Front 28

Consists of lacrimal gland situated in the superior lateral corner of the orbit and a nasolacrimal duct and associated structures in the inferior medial corner of the orbit.

Back 28

Lacrimal Apparatus

Front 29

The tears flush across the eyeball into:

Back 29

Lacrimal Canaliculi

Lacrimal Sac

Nasolacrimal duct

Front 30

An enzyme contained in the lacrimal secretions, which destroys bacteria.

Back 30

Lysozyme

Front 31

Six skeletal muscles responsible for eye movement

Back 31

Superior rectus- upward

Inferior rectus- downward

Superior oblique- counterclockwise

Inferior oblique- clockwise

Lateral rectus- outward

Medial rectus- inward

Front 32

Hollow fluid filled sphere

Back 32

Eyeball

Front 33

Three Layers/Tunics of the Eyes

Back 33

Fibrous Tunic

Vascular Tunic

Nervous Tunic

Front 34

Firm white, outer connective tissue layer of the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic.

-helps maintain the shape of the eye

-protects the internal structures of the eye.

-attachment for extrinsic eye muscles -”white of the eye”

Back 34

Sclera

Front 35

Transparent anterior portion of the eye that permits entry of light.

-part of the focusing system; it bends or refracts the entering light.

“Window of the eye”

Back 35

Cornea

Front 36

The layer containing most of the blood vessels of the eye.

Back 36

Middle/Vascular Tunic

Front 37

Posterior portion

-very thin structure consisting of vascular network and many melanin-containing pigment cells (black in color)

Back 37

Choroid

Front 38

Anterior portion -continuous with anterior margin of the choroids

Back 38

Ciliary Body

Front 39

Flexible, biconvex, transparent disk

Back 39

Lens

Front 40

Opacity of the lens

Back 40

CATARACT

Front 41

Ciliary Body is responsible for

Back 41

Accomodation

Front 42

Colored part of the eye -attached to the anterior margin of the ciliary body, anterior to the lens.

Back 42

Iris

Front 43

Controls the amount of light entering the eyes.

Back 43

Pupil

Front 44

Two types of pupil contraction

Back 44

Parasympathetic- Pupil Constriction

Sympathetic- Pupil Dilation

Front 45

Innermost tunic, covers the posterior 5/6 of the eye

Back 45

Nervous Tunic

Front 46

Two types of retina

Back 46

Pigmented Retina

Sensory Retina

Front 47

Contains photoreceptors called rods and cones, which respond to light

Back 47

Sensory Retina

Front 48

 20 times more common than cones

 Sensitive to light and can function in very dim light

 Do not provide color vision

Back 48

Rods

Front 49

Photosensitive pigment found in Rods

Back 49

Rhodopsin

Front 50

Made up of colorless protein opsin in loose chemical combination with yellow pigment called retinal

Back 50

Rhodopsin

Front 51

When exposed to light, rhodopsin breaks down into:

Back 51

A large protein called opsin; and

2. Retinal – a derivative of Vitamin A.

Front 52

Difficulty in seeing especially in dimlight caused by Vitamin A deficiency.

Back 52

Night Blindness

Front 53

Require more light. (daytime)

-provide color vision

Back 53

Cones

Front 54

Three types of color sensitive opsin

Back 54

Blue

Red

Green

Front 55

Caused by total lack of three cone types

Back 55

Color Blindness

Front 56

Separation of pigmented from sensory retina

Back 56

Retinal Detachment

Front 57

Small yellow spot near the center of the posterior retina

Back 57

Macula Latea

Front 58

Small pit, center of the macula lutea

-contains only cone cells

-part of retina where light isnormally most focused when the eye is looking directly to an object

Back 58

Fovea centralis

Front 59

Located medial to the macula lutea

-white spot containing numerous blood vessels,which enter the eye and spread over the surface of the retina

-blind spot of the eye

Back 59

Optic disc

Front 60

3 chambers of the Eye

Back 60

Anterior

Posterior

Vitreous/Postremal

Front 61

Located between the cornea and lens Separated by the iris

Back 61

Anterior and Posterior chambers

Front 62

Watery fluid inside the anterior and posterior chambers

Back 62

Aqueous Humor

Front 63

Increase in the intraocular pressure causedby the blockage of the venous ring that obstructs the flow of aqueous humor.

Back 63

Glaucoma

Front 64

Located posterior to the lens  Filled with transparent, jellylike substance called vitreous humor.

Back 64

Vitreous Chamber

Front 65

Helps maintain pressure within the eye and holds the lens and retina in place.

-refracts light

-does not circulate

Back 65

Vitreous Humor

Front 66

Functions of the Eye

Back 66

Light refraction

Focusing images on the retina

Neuronal pathways for vision

Front 67

Three parts of the Ear

Back 67

External

Inner

Middle

Front 68

Parts of the External Ear

Back 68

1. Auricle

2. External acoustic meatus

3. Ceruminous glands

4. Tympanic membrane/eardrum

Front 69

Fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head

Acts like a “funnel” that channels soundwaves.

Back 69

Auricle

Front 70

Where the auricle opens A passageway that leads to eardrum Transmits the sound waves from external acoustic meatus toward the eardrum

Back 70

External Auditory Meatus

Front 71

Lines the meatus and produce cerumen/earwax

Back 71

Ceruminous glands

Front 72

A modified sebum. It helps protect the lining of the canal from infection.

Back 72

Cerumen/Earwax

Front 73

Thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear

Back 73

Tympanic membrane/ Eardrum

Front 74

Parts of the middle ear

Back 74

Oval and round window

Three auditory ossicles

Auditory tube

Front 75

The Three Auditory Ossicles

Back 75

Malleus (Hammer)

Incus (Anvil)

Stapes (Stirrup)

Front 76

Function of the Auditory ossicles

Back 76

To amplify the vibrations

Front 77

3 Major parts of the Inner Ear

Back 77

1.Bony labyrinth

2.Membranous labyrinth (endolymph)

3.Perilymph

Front 78

3 regions of the Bony Labyrinth

Back 78

1.Cochlea-hearing

2.Vestibule-balance

3.Semicircular canal-balance

Front 79

Smaller set of membranous tunnels and chambers inside the bony labyrinth

Back 79

Membranous Labyrinth

Front 80

Clear fluid in the membranous labyrinth

Back 80

Endolymph

Front 81

Fluid present in space in between membranous and bony labyrinth

Back 81

Perilymph

Front 82

Contains receptors for hearing

Back 82

Cochlea

Front 83

Divides the cochlea

Back 83

Y shaped membranous complex

Front 84

3 portions of the cochlea

Back 84

1. Spiral lamina-threads of the screw (base of the Y)

2. Vestibular membrane

3. Basilar membrane

Front 85

Space between the three membranes of the cochlea

Back 85

Cochlear duct

Front 86

Space above the Y

Back 86

Scala Vestibuli

Front 87

Space below the Y

Back 87

Scala tympani

Front 88

Specialized structure inside the cochlear duct

Back 88

Spiral Organ of Corti

Front 89

Contain hairlike microvilli on their surfaces and are stiffened by actin filaments

Back 89

Hair cells

Front 90

Hair tips are embedded within an acellular gelatinous shelf called

Back 90

Tectorial Membrane

Front 91

Contain cell bodies of the hair cells

Back 91

Spiral ganglion

Front 92

Formed by the axons of sensory neurons

Back 92

Cochlear Nerve

Front 93

Neurotransmitter for hearing

Back 93

Glutamate

Front 94

Two types of Equilibrium

Back 94

Static- vestibule

Dynamic- semi circular canals

Front 95

2 chambers of the Vestibule

Back 95

Utricle

Saccule

Front 96

Gravity detectors in the chambers of the vestibule

Back 96

Otolithsl

Front 97

Otoliths are encased in a gelatin-like mass called

Back 97

Otolithic membrane

Front 98

Involved in dynamic equilibrium and placed at nearly right angles to one another

 Enables the person to detect movements in essentially any direction ( angular acceleration / turning movements)

Back 98

Semicircular canals

Front 99

Parts of the semicircular canals

Back 99

1. Ampulla

2.Crista ampullaris

3.Cupula