Human Anatomy And Physiology 1

Front 1

How many organ systems are in the human body?

Back 1

11

Front 2

How many basic body tissues? What are they? What four roles do they have?

Back 2

4; epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue; support, covering, movement, and control

Front 3

How many types of specialized cells?

Back 3

dozens

Front 4

Cells that are similar are group together to form __________.

Back 4

tissues.

Front 5

Similar tissues are grouped together to form ______________.

Back 5

organs.

Front 6

Two or more organs in conjunction with associated structures are joined together to form a ________.

Back 6

system.

Front 7

Systems are interdependent to support the entire ________ and ___________ of the body

Back 7

structure and function. This is what anatomy and physiology is the study of.

Front 8

What is one of the key chemical reactions of the body?

Back 8

One of the key chemical reactions is the making and usage of ATP, which provides energy to all cells

Front 9

How many cell types are in the body and what do they vary in?

Back 9

There are generally 200 different cell types within the body, each of which varies in size, shape, and function

Front 10

What is the basis of all living organisms? What are they composed of?

Back 10

The cell is the basis of all living organisms and is composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, among other elements

Front 11

Card on cell structure

Back 11

Each cell has a nucleus, where the DNA and RNA are found, and is covered by a plasma membrane and various parts that perform specific functions to work interdependently with other components within the body.

Front 12

Cells also have mechanisms to signal other cells or chemicals for a particular purpose, such as ______________.

Back 12

carrying them to a specific location.

Front 13

How do cells produce energy?

Back 13

hint ATP

Front 14

What is the purpose of cilia?

Back 14

1

Front 15

Define diffusion

Back 15

1

Front 16

Define osmosis

Back 16

2

Front 17

Define carriers

Back 17

1

Front 18

Define channels

Back 18

1

Front 19

. Cell specializations can be 1._____________ however, as the more they are 2.____________, the more a loss often results in a disability or potential death to the entire human body

Back 19

1. hazardous
2. specialized

Front 20

What is the role of epithelial tissue?

Back 20

To cover, line, and function as glandular tissue within the body.

It protects, absorbs, excretes, filters, secretes, and senses incoming signals

Front 21

What are the subcategories of epithelial tissue?

Back 21

Glandular epithelia • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium • Simple cuboidal epithelium • Simple squamous epithelium • Simple columnar epithelium

Front 22

What are the key characteristics of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissues?

Back 22

are located where secretion and active absorption of substances are important roles—such as the upper respiratory

Front 23

What are the key characteristics of Simple cuboidal epithelium tissues?

Back 23

are also located where secretion and absorption are important—in the thyroid, where hormones are secreted into the blood stream, for example

Front 24

What are the key characteristics of simple squamous epithelium tissues?

Back 24

are located where leaky tissue would be useful—in the linings of blood vessels and alveoli of the lungs

Front 25

What are they key characteristics of simple columnar epithelium tissues?

Back 25

are located where secretion and active absorption are key roles, and have microvilli and goblet cells. These are located in the digestive tract where digestive juices are secreted and key nutrients are absorbed

Front 26

What are they key characteristics of Glandular epithelia?

Back 26

are specialized cells that form tissues that secrete a product. We will discuss this type of tissue in greater detail later, when we discuss the pancreas and thyroid, where those functions play key roles.

Front 27

What are the largest components of epithelial tissue? What are the characteristics of this component?

Back 27

Connective tissue.

It helps by supporting, protecting, insulating, and transporting blood


Connective tissue can vary in its characteristics and exhibits many sharp contrasts

It may be very vascular or avascular (cartilage); it can be fibrous or fluid, gel-like; it can be loose (such as adipose tissue), or very dense (such as ligaments and tendons).

Front 28

Bone is another form of ____________________. How is it different from cartilage?

Back 28

Connective tissue. Unlike cartilage, it is plentiful in blood supply.

Front 29

What is the most irregular connective tissue? Why is it irregular?

Back 29

Blood—irregular because it does not support or connect things, but, is labeled as connective tissue because it forms from the same embryonic layer as all other connective tissue

Front 30

What is nervous tissue?

Back 30

The layer of tissue that controls and is comprised of cells and other structures that receive and transmit electrical impulses that support and regulate the body.

Front 31

What are/explain axons and dendrites?

Back 31

1

Front 32

What is muscle tissue composed of? What are the three categories and what do they do?

Back 32

Muscle tissue is composed of cells that allow contraction and cause movement.

The three types are Skeletal muscle that provides the ability to move the skeleton, cardiac muscle that forms the heart wall and pumps blood and smooth muscle that forms the walls of hollow organs and propels substances through them.

Front 33

Describe the composition of the greatest wonder of the epithelium, the skin.

Back 33

1. Skin is a multi-layered tissue composed of the epidermis and the dermis. 2. Each of these is subdivided into components that have specific purposes of protecting, allowing flexibility, cushioning, and supporting other structures. 3. Skin contains many appendages such as hair, nails, and glands. 4. Sweat glands regulate body temperature.

Front 34

What do the Sebaceous glands do?

Back 34

Sebaceous glands lubricate the skin and act as a bactericidal agent.

Front 35

What does hair do?

Back 35

Hair acts not only as a protective coating, keeping us warm, but also as a sensory system. Hair senses insects before they bite.

Front 36

What do nails do?

Back 36

Nails are hardened layers of keratin that not only protect the fingers and toes, but are useful tools to scratch an itch.

Front 37

The body constantly ______ _______ bone. Bones that sustain greater ________replace much more quickly. Each week, the body recycles ____ to ____ of its bone mass

Back 37

1. creates new
2. stress
3. 5% to 7%

Front 38

There are a total of _____ bones divided into ____ major regions. These regions are (plus one):

Back 38

1. 80
2. 3
3. cranium, thoracic cage, vertebral column, appendicular skeleton

Front 39

The _________ has _______major bony sections that make up what is referred to as the hard hat. The bones in the skull are named for their ________ and ______________.

Back 39

1. cranium
2. 8
3. location
4. adjoining suture lines

Front 40

The __________is comprised of 26 __________ shaped bones that provide __________ to the body’s frame. The vertebrae are structured to protect the __________ and provide points of __________for the ribs, back, and neck.

Back 40

1. vertebral column
2. irregularly
3. flexibility
4. spinal cord
5. attachment

Front 41

The _________ provides protection for the major organs: the________, _______, and __________. This cage provides support for _______ and ____________ and provides attachment points for the _____, ______, ______, and __________.

Back 41

1. thoracic cage
2. lungs
3. heart
4. great blood vessels
5. shoulders
6. upper arms
7. neck
8. back
9. chest
10. shoulders

Front 42

The _________________ includes all of the _________—arms, legs, and their girdles.

The shoulder, or ___________, is the attachment point for the upper limbs to the _________.

The pelvic girdle secures the _________.

The ____________ provide the body with the ability to carry heavy objects and give hugs while the ___________ carry the body wherever it goes.

Back 42

1, appendicular skeleton
2. appendages
3. pectoral girdle
4. trunk
5. lower limbs
6. upper limbs
7. lower limbs

Front 43

The foot, an appendage of the ______ skeleton, has the engineering capabilities to act as a ________, to carry the weight and pressure of the entire frame and allow enough flexibility to run and walk while ____________.

Back 43

1. appendicular
2. shock absorber
3. maintaining balance

Front 44

Joints are primarily categorized by ________ and overall _________, and are further categorized as fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The joints are the ______ points in the body structure.

Back 44

1. structure
2. function
3. fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
4. weakest

Front 45

_____________ are those that join bone by fibrous tissue; no _________ is present. Movement in fibrous joints is dependent upon the_______ of the fibers connecting the bones.

Back 45

1. Fibrous joints
2. cavity
3. length

Front 46

____________ joints are those that join bone by cartilage. They lack a __________ just like the fibrous joints.

Back 46

1. Cartilaginous
2. cavity

Front 47

___________ join bone with a fluid-containing joint cavity, and are the most common type found in the body.
_________ contain two major components: _________, which are fibrous sacs containing synovial fluid, and ____________which are cylindrical structures that surround muscle tendons.

Back 47

1. Synovial joints
2. Synovial joints
3. Bursae
4. Tendon sheaths

Front 48

What are bursae? What are tendon sheaths?

Back 48

Bursae are fibrous sacs containing synovial fluid,

Tendon sheaths are cylindrical structures that surround muscle tendons.

Front 49

Bursae and tendon sheaths provide _______________ over each other.

Back 49

Smooth movement

Front 50

What are the 7 different directions that synovial joints allow for movement?

Back 50

• Flexion—bending movement to decrease the angle
• Extension—the reverse of flexion to increase the angle
• Abduction—movement of a limb away from the midline
• Adduction—movement of a limb towards the midline
• Rotation—turning of a bone around on its own long axis
• Supination—turning backwards
• Pronation—turning forward

Front 51

Name three examples of synovial joints.

Back 51

ball and socket joint (such as the hip); the hinge joint (such as the knee); and the plane, or intercarpal joints.

Front 52

What types of synovial joints provide for the greatest stability?

Back 52

Joints with large surfaces and deep sockets

Front 53

A strong _______________ structure provides reinforcement to joint connections and muscle tone provides overall stabilization. Define _________________.

Back 53

Ligament: a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs

Front 54

____________ muscles have a variety of shapes and work to provide the body with _________ by having both _________________ points.

Back 54

1. Skeletal
2. movement
3. origin and insertion

Front 55

The fleshy contractile point of the skeletal muscle is known as the _________; it stretches or contracts when muscle movement is ______.

Back 55

1. belly
2. initiated

Front 56

Muscles are either directly or indirectly _________to bones through __________.

Back 56

1. attached
2. tendons

Front 57

The skeletal muscle is made up of large, ____ cells called _____________.


The structure of the muscle fiber includes what five things?

Together, these five things allow for appropriate contraction and movement of the muscle.

Back 57

1. long
2. muscle fibers
3. endomysysium, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofibrils and myosin

Front 58

What is the endomysysium ?

Back 58

The endomysysium is the protective, covering layer that houses the exterior of the muscle fiber.

Front 59

What is sarcolemma?

Back 59

Working inward, the sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of the muscle cell.

Front 60

What is sarcoplasm?

Back 60

The sarcoplasm is found inside the sarcolemma and is the muscle cell’s cytoplasm.

Front 61

What are myofibrils?

Back 61

Myofibrils are the tiny threads that run the length of the fiber and are the largest component of the entire muscle fiber.

Front 62

What are myosin and actin?

Back 62

Myosin and actin are tiny fibers within the muscle fiber. Skeletal muscle is striated in its appearance because of these fibers.

Front 63

_________ fibers provide muscle with strength and durability.

Back 63

1. Multi-layer

Front 64

Muscle groups are essential for what four important functions in the human body?

Back 64

movement, stability, protection of visceral organs, and heat generation

Front 65

How do Calcium, acetylcholine, potassium, and sodium work together to provide for the movement, contraction, and relaxation of the muscle?

Back 65

CONTINUE

"with calcium the final trigger point to cause muscle movement. "

Front 66

Muscle fibers are affected by _______ endings, which are controlled by __________and ___________, which assist in producing an electrical current (or ______________) and ______ the muscle.

Back 66

1. nerve
2. neurotransmitters
3. electrolytes
4. action potential
5. contract

Front 67

What provides the source for oxidative metabolism in muscles? What does this do?

Back 67

mitochondria.

Powers the cells of the muscle through oxygen derived from glucose and triglycerides.

Front 68

What does oxidative metabolism do?

Back 68

Generates heat for the body

Front 69

How many skeletal muscles are there in the body?

Back 69

Over 600

Front 70

Card on muscle groups based on location

Back 70

1

Front 71

What is the nervous system?

Back 71

the master controller and communicator system within the body.

Front 72

As a part of the nervous system, what is the brain responsible for?

Back 72

sending, receiving, and processing nerve impulses.

Front 73

_________________ in the human body relies on the nervous system to function.

Back 73

Every muscle and organ

Front 74

The nervous system is so complex that it can sum up_____ and _____ information to respond to any given situation.

Back 74

current and previous

Front 75

What are the three subgroups of the nervous system?

Back 75

the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Front 76

Describe the CNS

Back 76

1.comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
2. responsible for integrating new and old information and dictating a motor response.
3. the primary command center for the body

Front 77

What are neurons? What are their subclassifications?

Back 77

Cells within the nervous system that are highly specialized conductor cells that receive and transmit electrochemical nerve impulses. Their subclassifications are axons and dendrites.

Front 78

Describe axons.

Back 78

Axons carry nerve impulses away from the cells bodies;CONTINUE

Front 79

Describe dendrites.

Back 79

dendrites receive nerve impulses and conduct them toward the cell body CONTINUE

Front 80

What is neurotransmission? What three stimuli provoke it?

Back 80

The conduction of electrochemical impulses that is the primary responsibility of neurons.


mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli.

Front 81

Along with axons and dendrites, the nervous system is comprised of ______. What do they do?

Back 81

glial cells.

1. supply nutrients
2. assist the neurons in maintaining electrical potential;
3. produce cerebrospinal fluid, 4. ingest microorganisms and waste products
5.protect

Front 82

The brain has _____ major divisions. Name them.

Back 82

6; the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, diencephalons, limbic system, and reticular activating system.

Front 83

Function of cerebrum

Back 83

1

Front 84

Function of cerebellum

Back 84

1

Front 85

Function of brain stem

Back 85

1

Front 86

Function of diencephalons,

Back 86

1

Front 87

Function of limbic system,

Back 87

1

Front 88

Function of reticular activating system

Back 88

1

Front 89

The brain is responsible for over ten key functions. Name 7.

Back 89

The brain is responsible for sensory and motor activity, intelligence, muscle tone, movement and control of balance, autonomic reactions through pathways between higher and lower neural centers, body temperature, water balance, appetite and hunger, emotional and sexual arousal, and maintaining consciousness

Front 90

What does the PNS do?

Back 90

The PNS consists of the cranial and spinal nerves that carry nerve impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord, respectively.

Front 91

Define the afferent and efferent impulses of the PNS

Back 91

1

Front 92

Within the nervous systems, the body takes _______ and turns it into ____________.

Back 92

sensation; perception

Front 93

Various types of _________respond to changes and require _________, including (but not limited to): _________receptors (touch and pressure), __________receptors (temperature), and _______________ (light).


Each of these __________ takes particular stimuli and interprets them for the body

Back 93

1. receptors
2. interpretation
3. mechanical
4. thermal
5. photoreceptors
6. receptors

Front 94

What are reflexes? What are they a part of?

Reflexes are a great way to do what?

Back 94

1. innate responses to stimuli that are a protective mechanism (e.g. when the body is hurt, for example, it tells us to withdraw the injured part to avoid further injury).
2. are part of the PNS.
3. assess the condition of the nervous system

Front 95

The _______ is dependent upon the _____ for information from internal and ______ stimuli which can be interpreted and used in current or ______ responses

Back 95

1. cns
2. pns
3. external
4. future

Front 96

What are the main responsibilities of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 96

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates and controls smooth and cardiac muscle and glands, and is essential to the stability of our internal environment. It is responsible for providing internal homeostasis.

Front 97

The ANS controls the internal environment without ________ or ________; it is completely involuntary.

Back 97

prompting or stimuli

Front 98

What two systems if the ANS composed of? Define them. How do they work together?

Back 98

The ANS is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The parasympathetic system conserves body energy and maintains activities on a basal level. The sympathetic system prepares the body for activity through the fight or flight system.




These two subsections of the ANS often work as opposites—while one is stimulating a certain action, the other is inhibiting—which allows the body to maintain a homeostatic balance.

Front 99

Name some sympathetic responses.

Back 99

Some of the sympathetic responses may include dilated pupils, increased heart rate, increased blood glucose levels, and sweating

Front 100

What types of nerves are the nerves of the sympathetic system? What do they do? What responses may they cause?

Back 100

The sympathetic nerves are considered preganglionic nerves and spread the impulse to the postganglionic neurons.


The responses elicited could include vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased sweat gland production, papillary dilation, and increased respiratory rate.

Front 101

What types of nerves are the nerves of the parasympathetic system? What do they do? What responses may they cause?

Back 101

The parasympathetic nerves travel through long preganglionic fibers to the short postganglionic fibers, which enter a particular organ or gland.



The movement of the parasympathetic nerves allows for a more specific response from a particular organ or gland, including increased bladder tone, decreased heart rate, or increased GI tone

Front 102

What are preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?

Back 102

1

Front 103

Do they parasympathetic and sympathetic systems interact?

Back 103

in a multitude of ways, yes.

Front 104

What are the special sense?

Back 104

1

Front 105

What does the tongue do?

Back 105

The tongue interprets data received when we eat, providing our brain information regarding what we have placed in our mouth….is it sweet, salty, bitter, sour, or umami

Front 106

What is umami?

Back 106

(a response to te amino acids glutamate and aspartate) CONTINUE CARD

Front 107

How does the brain respond to the tongue? What is interesting about the bitter taste receptor?

Back 107

Our brain lets us know as it interprets the data from the receptor areas of our tongue. Interestingly, the bitter taste receptor is a protective mechanism as many of the poisons or spoiled foods have a bitter taste

Front 108

What are our primary sensory organs? What contains most of the body's sensory receptors?

Back 108

The eyes and ears; . The eye contains about 70% of the body’s sensory receptors;

Front 109

What happens when light is brought into the eye? What is the gate mechanism to control this intake? What does the lens do? What does the retina do?

Back 109

Bringing in light excites the photoreceptors, eliciting a chain of responses which will eventually interpret the data into images.



The gate mechanism to control the light is the iris.




The lens focuses the light to the retina where light sensitive cells send the image to the brain

Front 110

How many photoreceptors are in the neural retinas? What is amazing about these receptors?

Back 110

1. a quarter-billion
2. These receptors provide us with the ability to process information taken in through the eye faster than any computer.

Front 111

What are the various functions of the structures of the ear? Describe by each structure.

Back 111

1. to take in and channel sound (pinna and external auditory canal)
2. to process it in an intermediary point (tympanic cavity)
3. to receive the vibration and transmit to the brain (three small bones and labyrinth)

Front 112

What is the ear ALSO crucial for?

Back 112

Providing equilibrium.

Front 113

What is the difference between static and dynamic equilibrium?

Back 113

1

Front 114

How does dynamic equilbrium work?

Back 114

Dynamic equilibrium consists of the crista ampullaris. This crista is stimulated by head movement (acceleration, deceleration, or rotation). Each crista (there is one in each semicircular duct) consists of a tuft of hair cells embedded in a cupula. Rotation causes the endolymph to flow in opposite directions, bending the cupula which excites or inhibits the hair cells. Our brain processes this information giving us the stability and balance to maintain our upright posture or provides us with the ability to reflexively correct our balance

Front 115

How is static equilibrium managed? Describe. How do they function to provide balance?

Back 115

Static equilibrium is controlled in the ear by sensory receptors known as maculae.


This macula consists of hair cells embedded in an overlying otolithic membrane. As we elicit linear movement, it causes the membrane to move, pulling on hair cells and stimulating the vestibular nerve fibers responsible for our balance.

Front 116

Our brain has the ability to process stimuli from ______ sources simultaneously. However, our ability to interpret data appropriately is dependent on an ____________.

Back 116

1. multiple
2. intact CNS, PNS, and ANS.