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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
Study of Structures |
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Physiology |
The functions of the body parts |
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Chemical level |
Involves interations betweens atoms and their combinations into molecules |
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Subatomic particles |
Smallest matter |
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Atoms |
Tiny building blocks of matter |
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Molecules |
2 or more atoms joined together |
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Organelle |
small Structure within a cell |
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Cells |
The basic units of all plants and animals |
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Tissue |
A group of cells arranged into layers or masses |
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Organs |
Two or more tissue types |
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Organ system |
A group of organs |
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Organism |
Any living thing |
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Characteristics of life(Name them) |
1.Movement 2.Responsiveness 3.Growth 4.Reproduction 5.Respiration 6.Digestion 7.Absorption 8.Circulation 9.Assimilation 10.Excretion |
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Requirements of Organisms(Name them) |
1.Water 2.Food 3.Oxygen 4.Heat 5.Pressure |
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Homeostasis |
Maintaining a stable internal and |
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What type of mechanism makes up most of the body |
Negative feedback mechanism |
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How is the body organized |
The human body is organized into: Body cavities Membranes Systems |
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The body can be divided in to what two portions? |
The Axial (The head, neck and Trunk) and Appendicular ( The upper and lower limbs) |
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What are the major body cavities? |
Cranial, Spinal,Thoracic, and Abdominopelvic |
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The Thoracic cavity is divided into what three parts? |
Pericardial(Encloses the heart), Pleural(Encloses the lungs), and Mediastinum(region between the lungs) Organs within the Mediastinum are Trachea, Esophagus and thymus |
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What is the purpose of the Diaphragm? |
To sperate the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity. Also to expand the lungs during breathing |
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What organs are in the abdominal cavity |
Stomach, Intestine, Spleen, Liver, and Gallbladder |
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What organs are in the Pelvic cavity |
Bladder, rectum and reproductive organs |
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Define the difference between a Visceral and a Parietal membrane |
A Visceral membrane covers an organ while a parietal membrane remains attached to the wall of a cavity |
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Give a definition of the Integumentary system( included organs and purpose) |
System regulates temp., prevents water loss, and produces Vitamin D. Organs include Skin, Nails, Sweat, and Sebaceous glands |
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Give a definition of the Skeletal system( included organs and purpose)
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System Protects and supports, body movement, produces red blood, stores mineral and fat. Organs include Bones, Cartilages and Ligaments |
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Give a definition of the Muscular system( included organs and purpose) |
System Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Organs include Skeletal muscles |
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Give a definition of the Nervous system( included organs and purpose)
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System detects changes in internal and external environment and maintains homeostasis. Organs include Brain, Nerves, Spinal Cord, and Sensory Receptors |
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Give a definition of the Endocrine system( included organs and purpose)
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System maintains homeostasis, promotes growth & development, and produces hormones Organs include Pituitary Gland, Parathyroid, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes, Pineal Gland, and Thymus Gland |
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Give a definition of the Cardiovascular system( included organs and purpose)
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System transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones. Organs include Heart Blood, Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries |
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Give a definition of the Lymphatic system( included organs and purpose) |
System removes foreign substances from blood & lymph, fights disease, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Organs include Lymph, Lymphatic vessels and Lymphatic Tissue |
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Give a definition of the Digestive system (included organs and purpose) |
System breaks down ingested foods, absorbs nutrients, and delivers nutrients to the cells. Organs include Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, Anus, Liver, and Pancreas |
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Give a definition of the Respiratory system( included organs and purpose) |
System supplies oxygenated blood and removes carbon dioxide. Organs include Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs |
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Give a definition of the Urinary system( included organs and purpose) |
System removes nitrogen-containing waste from blood, regulates pH, and maintains water & electrolyte balance . Organs include Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra |
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Give a definition of the Reproductive system( included organs and purpose) |
System produces new offspring. Organs include: Male; Testes, Vas Deferentia, Prostate Gland, Bulbourethral Gland & Penis: Female; Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Vagina, and Vulva |
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State the Anatomical Postition |
The human body is erect.Feet together. Head and toes pointed forward. Arms hanging at the sides. Palms facing forward. |
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Describe the Difference between Superior and Inferior |
Superior is one that is above while Inferior is one that is below |
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Describe the Difference between Anterior(Ventral) and Posterior(Dorsal) |
One that is Anterior is more towards the front of the body while one that is towards the back would be posterior |
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Describe the Difference between Medial and Lateral |
One that is Medial would be more towards the midline of the body that one who was Lateral |
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Describe the Difference between Proximal and Distal |
Something that is Proximal is closer to the trunk of your body than some that is distal. Ex As a bug crawls up your arm he becomes more and more proximal to you |
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Describe the Difference between Superficial and Deep |
Some thing that is superficial is more towards the surface than some more deep. Ex. Skin superficial to the muscle. Ex. Bones are Deep to the muscles. |
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Describe the four cutting planes of the body |
Saggital- Left and Right Median(MidSaggital)- Equal Left and Right Frontal- Front(Anterior) and Back(Posterior) Transverse- Top(Superior) and bottom (Inferior) |
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What Organs are found in the Epigastric Region |
Parts of liver, Stomach, Pancreas, Duodenum, and Transverse colon |
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What Organs are found in the Right |
Gallbladder, Parts of liver, Transverse Colon, and Right kidney |
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What Organs are found in the Left |
Spleen, Parts of stomach, Transverse colon, and Left kidney |
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What Organs are found in the Umbilical Region |
Parts of duodenum, Small intestine, Kidneys, and Ureters |
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What Organs are found in the Right Lumbar |
Ascending colon, Parts of small intestine, and Right kidney |
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What Organs are found in the Left Lumbar |
Descending colon, Part of the left kidney, and Small intestine |
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What Organs are found in the Hypogastric Region |
Urinary bladder, Rectum, Parts of ureters, Small intestines, and Sigmoid colon |
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What Organs are found in the Right Iliac |
Appendix, Cecum, and Parts of the small intestine |
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What Organs are found in the Left Iliac |
Parts of the small intestine, Descending colon, and Sigmoid colon |
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How many naturally occurring elements are there in the Universe. Which ones make up most living matter? |
92 element naturally occur in this universe. Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur make up most living things. |
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Describe the center of an atom |
The center of an atom is the Nucleus. It contains Protons and Neutrons. Surrounded by Electrons. |
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What is a Electron Shell |
The electron shell is the cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus of the atom. Each shell is different. First shell holds 2, next 8, next 8. The lower levels are filled first. |
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Describe the difference between Atomic number and mass |
Atomic number is the amount of protons an atom contains. While the atomic mass the sum of protons and neutrons combined |
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What are the three types of Atomic bonds |
Covalent Ionic Hydrogen |
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What is a Covalent Bond |
A Bond formed by sharing electrons |
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What is a Ionic Bond |
A Bond formed by transferring electrons |
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What is a Hydrogen Bond |
A weak Bond formed between a positive end of a polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule |
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What is the most common compound in all living things and a large percentage of your body weight |
Water |
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What are some of the common properties of water |
It is polar; will attract and repel other molecules It is a solvent; will dissolve other thing readily |
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What is a Acid |
Substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water and increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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What is a base |
Substance that accepts hydrogen ions when dissociated water. Bases often called alkaline |
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What are electrolytes |
Substances that form ions when dissolved in water. In the medical field a patient's health maybe assessed by this |
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What is the pH scale |
The pH scale determines the Alkalinity or Alkalosis of a substance. 7 is a neutral; anything above is alkaline (base); anything below is acidic |
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What does the pH scale have to do with blood |
The pH of blood must be maintained so that it is between 7.35-7.45. If not some one might develop alkalosis or acidosis |
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What are Buffers |
Substances used to keep the pH in blood constant and regulated |
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What are the five organic substances |
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Phospholipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids |
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What are the three type of Carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides |
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Define Carbohydrate |
Organic and provide energy. Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. |
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What are some Monosaccharides (Single Sugars) |
Glucose, Ribose, and Fructose |
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What are some Disaccharides (Two Sugars) |
Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose |
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What are some Polysaccharides (Many Sugars) |
Glycogen, Cellulose, and Starch |
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What are the types of Lipids |
Fats, Oils, Triglyceride, Fatty Acids, and Glycerol |
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What is the difference between a Fat and an Oil |
Fats are solid at room temperature while oils are not |
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What is a Triglyceride made of |
3 fatty acids |
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What are Fatty acids comprised of |
Long hydrocarbon chains with terminal carboxyl (COOH) group |
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What is a Glycerol |
Three carbon molecules |
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What is a Phospholipidgroup |
Two fatty acids attached to a phosphate; form biological membranes |
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How are the heads and tails of a Phospholipid diffrent |
The head is hydrophilic (soluble in water) and the tails are hydrophobic (water insoluble). Phosphlipids also form lipid bilayers in this way |
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What is a Protein |
Proteins are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds between nearby carboxyl and amino groups |
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What are the major functions of Proteins in the body |
Structural materials, energy sources, hormones, cell membrane receptors, antibodies, and enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions |
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What is a Nucleic Acid |
Long chains of nucleotides |
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What are the two types of Nucleic Acids |
DNA, RNA |
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What is RNA |
A single polynucleotide chain that functions in a protein synthesis |
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What is DNA |
A double helix that stores the genetic code in the nucleus |
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What are the four nitrogen bases |
Purines(Adenine and Guanine) and double ringed Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil) single ringed DNA bases are C, G, A, T, and 20 amino acids RNA bases are C, G, A, U |
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What is the basic unit of life |
Cells |
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What is the control center of the cell |
The nucleus and it contains most of the genetic information |
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What is the Cytoplasm |
A semi-fluid component that contains many small organelles |
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What are Ribosomes |
Small Organelle composed of protein and sites for protein synthesis |
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What is a Endoplasmic Reticulum and types
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A network of membrane fold that occurs in the cytoplasm. Rough ( For Protein synthesis and secretion) and Smooth (For Lipid secretion) |
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What is the Cell Membrane |
Outer membrane of the cell and regulates the passage of material into and out the cell |
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What is a Golgi Apparatus or Complex |
Flat membrane sacs that process, package and distribute what the cell manufactures |
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What purpose do Lysosomes serve |
Digest worn out cell parts |
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What is the powerhouse of cell |
MITOCHONDRIA |
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Describe the processes of the Mitochondria |
It produces the most ATP during cellular respiration. Has Cristae on the inner membrane to increase surface area |
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What is a Flagellum |
A long thread-like organelle used for locomotion |
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What is Cilium |
Short thread-like structure one the surface of cell used for locomotion |
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What are the two types of cell transport |
Active (Endocytosis and Exocytosis) and Passive (Diffusion and Osmosis) |
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What is Diffusion |
Particles move from area of higher concentration to lower concentration |
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What is Osmosis |
Water travels to an area of higher concentration to lower concentration |
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What is Endocytosis and the types |
The engulfing of substances inside the cell. Pinocytosis (drinking) and Phagocytosis (eating) |
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What is exocytosis |
Removal of material to the outside of the cell by forming a vestical around the material |
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What are the Phases of Cell Division (In Order) |
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis |
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What are the steps of Interphase |
G1 phase- Growth phase of ctyoplasmic organelles S phase- Growth and DNA Replication G2 Phase- Growth and final preparations for division |
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Define Prophase |
Chromatin condense shorten and thicken. The nuclear membrane breaks down. Nucleolus disappears. Two pairs of structures in animals cells called centrioles moves toward opposite ends of cell and form spindle fibers between them. Centrioles reach the poles and produce asters. Microtubles(protein fibers) attach to opposites sides of the centromere |
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Define Metaphase |
Attached to spindle fibers, the chromosomes line up in the center |
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Define Anaphase |
Sister Chromatids are drawn to opposite poles of the cell |
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Define Telophase |
Nuclear membrane and Nucleoli reappear. Cleavage furrow forms |
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Define Cytokinesis |
Division of the cytoplasm and 2 daughters cells form |
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What is Metabolism |
The total chemical reaction taking place in cells |
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What are the two types of chemical reactions |
Anabolism (Requires energy) and Catabolism (Releases energy) |
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What are the two types of energy |
Potential (Stored) and Kinetic (Energy in motion) |
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What are the function of enzymes in chemical reaction |
The control the rate and serve as catalysts (Speed it up without being destroyed) Most enzymes end in the suffix -ase. Exceptions to this rule include: pepsin and trysin |
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What is Cellular Respiration |
An energy releasing process |
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What are the two ways Respiration can take place |
Aerobic (With oxygen) and Anaerobic (Without oxygen) |
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Where and how does Cellular respiration take place |
It begins in the Cytoplasm and completes in the Mitochondrion |
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What are the three main steps in Cellular repiration |
Glycolysis, the Kreb cycle, and Electron transport |
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What are the rates of yield for Glycolysis |
One glucose for four molecules of ATP but two are used in the process. The net yield is two. Two NADH and Two pyruvate. |
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What happens to Pyruvate before it can enter the Kreb cycle |
It has to be oxidized into Actyl CoA |
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What are some of the major characteristics of Epithelial tissue |
1. Covers all of body 2. Lines body cavities and covers organs 3. Major tissue of glands 4. Lacks blood vessels 5. Functions include: Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion, and Sensory 6. Anchors to Basement Membrane |
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What are Simple Squamous Epithelium |
A Single layer of flat cells |
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Where are Simple Squamous Epithelium located |
Lung air sacs, Interior Walls of Blood & Lymph Vessels, and Line the Ventral body cavity |
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What are the three basic shapes of epithelial tissue |
Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-like), Columnar (column) or tall |
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What are the two layerings of epithellum |
One- Simple Two or more- Stratified |
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What is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
Single layer of cube-like cells |
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Where are Simple Cuboidal Epithelium located |
Sufaced of the ovaries, Kidney tubules, and Form secretory cells of glands |
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What are the fuctions of Simple Cuboidal Epitheilum |
Secretion and Absorbtion |
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What are the four major tissue types |
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve or Nervous |
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What are Simple Columnar Epithelium |
Single layer of tall cells |
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Where are Simple Columner Epithelium located |
Lining the interior of the uterus, stomach, and intestines |
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What is the fuction of Simple Columner Epithelium |
Protection, Secretion, and Absorption |
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What is Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
Several layers of flat cells |
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Where are Stratified Squamous Epithelium located |
Lining wet surfaces such as mouth, vagina, part of the epiglottis and the tongue |
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What are the major cells of Connective tissue |
Fibroblast, Macrophage (histocyes), Mast cells |
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What is a Fibroblast |
Star-shaped, Produce fibers by secreting protein |
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What is a Macrophage or Histocyte |
Scavenger cell. Clears foreign particles from tissues |
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What is Liposuction |
It is a procedure in which areas rich in fat are suctioned out. Complications can result from this such as Fat clots, Infection, Internal Injury, and Severe pain. |
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What is Transnitional Epithelium |
Many layers of cube-like and elongated cells. Dome-shaped cells |
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Where are Trasnitional Epithelium located |
Interior of Urinary bladder |
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What is the function of Trasnitional Epithelium |
Protection and Provide Stretching |
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What are the two types of fibers in connective tissue |
Collagenous and Elastic |
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Define Cellagenous Fibers |
White and form from collagen. A protein that provides strength to connective tissue |
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Define Elastic Fibers |
Yellow and provide elasticity (stretching and bending) to tissue |
