Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the functions of the urinary system? |
-Storage of urine -Excretion of urine -Regulation of blood volume -Regulation of erythrocyte production -Regulation of ion balance/acid-base balance |
|
What structures are involved in the urinary system? |
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
|
What is the Hilum of the kidney |
a concave medial border, where vessels, serves, and the ureter enter and/or exit the kidney |
|
What is the renal sinus of the kidney |
An internal space within each kidney which houses renal arteries, renal veins, lymph vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and a variable amount of adipose CT. |
|
What is the cortex of the kidney |
The outer, lighter shaded region of the kidney |
|
What is the medulla of the kidney |
The inner, darker shaded region of the cortex. Divided into renal pyramids by the renal columns extending off the cortex
|
|
What is the papilla of the kidney |
the apex (tip) of the renal pyramid |
|
What is the order of tubing in the renal sinus |
Traveling from outside to inside: minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter |
|
Blood supply of kidney |
Renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> Glomerulus -> Efferent arteriole -> Peritubular capillaries & Vasa recta -> interlobular vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobar vein |
|
What is the glomerulus |
a capillary network |
|
What are the capillary networks in the kidney |
peritubular capillaries vasa recta |
|
What are the peritubular capillaries & vasa recta associated with |
peritubular capillaries - the convoluted tubules & primarily reside in the cortex of the kidney vasa recta - the nephron loop and primarily reside in the medulla of the kidney |
|
What is the nephron |
The functional filtration unit in the kidney |
|
What are the types of nephrons |
cortical nephrons juxtamedullary nephrons |
|
By which processed does the nephron produce urine |
Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion |
|
Which directions do fluids flow when producing urine |
Glomerular filtration - water and some solutes move out of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle due to pressure differences across the membrane Tubular reabsorption - move by diffusion or active transport across the wall of the renal tubules to return to the blood Tubular secretion - out of the blood into the tubular fluid |
|
What is the renal corpuscle of the nephron |
an enlarged, bulbous region composed of glomerulus & the glomerular capsule |
|
What is the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron |
originates at the tubular pole of the renal corpuscle |
|
What is the nephron loop (loop of Henle) |
originates at a sharp bend in the proximal convoluted tubule and projects internally toward & into the medulla |
|
What is the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron |
originates in the renal cortex at the end of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop and contacts the afferent arteriole wall at the vascular pole |
|
What is the collecting duct of the nephron |
project through the renal medulla toward the renal papilla. The last structures that have the capacity to modify the tubular fluid further, and can do so under the influence of ADH and aldosterone. |
|
What does the urinary tract consist of |
ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra |
|
What is the purpose of the ureters |
conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
|
What is the purpose of the urinary bladder |
reservoir for urine |
|
What is the purpose of the urethra |
conducts urine to the exterior of the body |
|
Why would the ureters need a muscular layer |
to propel the urine through the ureters into the urinary bladder |
|
What are the urethral sphincters that restrict the release of urine |
The internal & external urethral sphincters |
|
Which urethral sphincter is involuntary & which is voluntary |
internal -> involuntary external -> voluntary |
|
What are the primary sex organs called & what do they make |
gonads gametes |
|
What are the gonads in male vs. female |
testes ovaries |
|
What are ovarian follicles? |
They consist of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells which support the oocyte |
|
What is the ovarian cycle |
a monthly sequence of events in follicle development |
|
Stages of follicle development |
1. Primordial follicle (primary oocyte) 2. Primary follicle (primary oocyte) 3. Secondary follicle (primary oocyte) 4. Mature follicle (secondary oocyte) 5. Corpus luteum (no oocyte) 6. Corpus albicans (no oocyte) |
|
What hormones regulate the ovarian cycle |
progesterone & estrogen |
|
What triggers ovulation |
when there is a peak in LH secretion. This peak in LH, plus a slight rise in FSH, produces a cascade of chemical responses |
|
How does oral contraceptive work? |
The low levels of estrogen and progestins prevent the LH "spike" needed for ovulation |
|
Female external reproductive structure include: |
glands of clitoris, most pubis, prepuce, labia minora, labia majora, vaginal orifice, vestibule, urethral opening |
|
Female internal reproductive structures include: |
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina |
|
What is the structure of the testis |
oval organ housed within the scrotum |
|
What is the function of the testis |
produce sperm and androgens |
|
What are rete testis |
a meshwork of interconnected channels in the mediastinum testis that receive sperm from the seminiferous tubules |
|
What is the epididymis |
a comma-shaped structure composed of an internal duct and an external covering of CT |
|
What is the vas deferens |
a thick-walled tube that travels within the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal, and then within the pelvic cavity before it nears the prostate gland |
|
What is seminal fluid |
a slightly alkaline secretion needed to neutralize the acidity of the vagina |
|
What glands contribute to the production of seminal fluid |
the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands |
|
Why do the testis hang outside the body |
The internal body temperature is too high for sperm |
|
What is the difference between seminal fluid & semen |
Semen is composed primarily of seminal fluid |
|
The male external genitalia consists of: |
penis, testes, scrotum |
|
What is gametogenesis |
the process by which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes |
|
Where does gametogenesis happen |
in diploid cells of testes or ovaries |
|
Difference between Meiosis 1& Meiosis 2 |
Meiosis 1 produces two haploid daughter cells containing sister chromatids Meiosis 2 turns two haploid cells into four haploid cells (single chromatids) |
|
What is nondisjunction |
failed separation of homologous chromosomes or paired sister chromatids in meiosis 1 or 2 |
|
What are the consequences of nondisjunction |
one gamete receives 2 copies of a single chromosome (24); the other receives no copies (22) fertilization results in 47 chromosomes (trisomy), or 45 chromosomes (monosomy) down syndrome = trisomy 21 |
|
What is oogenesis |
creation of an ovum (egg cell) |
|
What is spermatogenesis |
|
|
What are the 3 stages of fertilization |
1. Sperm undergoes acrosome reaction and penetrates corona radiata 2. Sperm penetrates zona pellucida 3. Sperm and egg plasma membrane fuse |
|
What is a morula |
a 16-cell stage organism which arrives in the uterine cavity about day 3 or 4 |
|
What do the cells of BGD become |
They form a flat disc called the bilaminar germinal disc (BGD) |
|
The bilaminar germinal disc and trophoblast produce 2 extra embryonic membranes: |
1. Yolk sac 2. Amnion 3. Chorion |
|
How does the chorion relate to pregnancy tests |
Chorion cells produce Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) |
|
What is the placenta |
a highly vascularized organ that serves as a physical and biochemical interface between embryo and mother |
|
What are the functions of the placenta |
1. exchange of nutrients, wastes, and blood gases between embryo & mother 2. transmission of maternal antibodies to the embryo 3. production of many hormones, predominantly estrogen and progesterone |
|
What are primary germ layers |
from which all human structures are derived |
|
What is gastrulation |
process by which cells from the epiblast migrate to form all three primary germ layers |
|
What do each of the germ layers become |
Ectoderm - skin Mesoderm - muscle, CT, heart Endoderm - GI, liver pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid gland |
|
How does neurulation work |
|
|
What structures are involved in neurulation |
|
|
What are neural tube defects |
birth defects of the brain and spinal cord |
|
what is teratology |
the study of the causes of congenital malformations |