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69 Cards in this Set

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What are the functions of the urinary system?

-Storage of urine


-Excretion of urine


-Regulation of blood volume


-Regulation of erythrocyte production


-Regulation of ion balance/acid-base balance

What structures are involved in the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

What is the Hilum of the kidney

a concave medial border, where vessels, serves, and the ureter enter and/or exit the kidney

What is the renal sinus of the kidney

An internal space within each kidney which houses renal arteries, renal veins, lymph vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and a variable amount of adipose CT.

What is the cortex of the kidney

The outer, lighter shaded region of the kidney

What is the medulla of the kidney

The inner, darker shaded region of the cortex. Divided into renal pyramids by the renal columns extending off the cortex

What is the papilla of the kidney

the apex (tip) of the renal pyramid

What is the order of tubing in the renal sinus

Traveling from outside to inside: minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

Blood supply of kidney

Renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> Glomerulus -> Efferent arteriole -> Peritubular capillaries & Vasa recta -> interlobular vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobar vein

What is the glomerulus

a capillary network

What are the capillary networks in the kidney

peritubular capillaries


vasa recta

What are the peritubular capillaries & vasa recta associated with

peritubular capillaries - the convoluted tubules & primarily reside in the cortex of the kidney




vasa recta - the nephron loop and primarily reside in the medulla of the kidney

What is the nephron

The functional filtration unit in the kidney

What are the types of nephrons

cortical nephrons


juxtamedullary nephrons

By which processed does the nephron produce urine

Glomerular filtration


Tubular reabsorption


Tubular secretion



Which directions do fluids flow when producing urine

Glomerular filtration - water and some solutes move out of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the renal corpuscle due to pressure differences across the membrane




Tubular reabsorption - move by diffusion or active transport across the wall of the renal tubules to return to the blood




Tubular secretion - out of the blood into the tubular fluid

What is the renal corpuscle of the nephron

an enlarged, bulbous region composed of glomerulus & the glomerular capsule

What is the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron

originates at the tubular pole of the renal corpuscle

What is the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

originates at a sharp bend in the proximal convoluted tubule and projects internally toward & into the medulla

What is the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron

originates in the renal cortex at the end of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop and contacts the afferent arteriole wall at the vascular pole

What is the collecting duct of the nephron

project through the renal medulla toward the renal papilla. The last structures that have the capacity to modify the tubular fluid further, and can do so under the influence of ADH and aldosterone.

What does the urinary tract consist of

ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra

What is the purpose of the ureters

conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

What is the purpose of the urinary bladder

reservoir for urine

What is the purpose of the urethra

conducts urine to the exterior of the body

Why would the ureters need a muscular layer

to propel the urine through the ureters into the urinary bladder

What are the urethral sphincters that restrict the release of urine

The internal & external urethral sphincters

Which urethral sphincter is involuntary & which is voluntary

internal -> involuntary


external -> voluntary

What are the primary sex organs called & what do they make

gonads


gametes

What are the gonads in male vs. female

testes


ovaries

What are ovarian follicles?

They consist of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells which support the oocyte

What is the ovarian cycle

a monthly sequence of events in follicle development

Stages of follicle development

1. Primordial follicle (primary oocyte)


2. Primary follicle (primary oocyte)


3. Secondary follicle (primary oocyte)


4. Mature follicle (secondary oocyte)


5. Corpus luteum (no oocyte)


6. Corpus albicans (no oocyte)

What hormones regulate the ovarian cycle

progesterone & estrogen

What triggers ovulation

when there is a peak in LH secretion. This peak in LH, plus a slight rise in FSH, produces a cascade of chemical responses

How does oral contraceptive work?

The low levels of estrogen and progestins prevent the LH "spike" needed for ovulation

Female external reproductive structure include:

glands of clitoris, most pubis, prepuce, labia minora, labia majora, vaginal orifice, vestibule, urethral opening

Female internal reproductive structures include:

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

What is the structure of the testis

oval organ housed within the scrotum

What is the function of the testis

produce sperm and androgens

What are rete testis

a meshwork of interconnected channels in the mediastinum testis that receive sperm from the seminiferous tubules

What is the epididymis

a comma-shaped structure composed of an internal duct and an external covering of CT

What is the vas deferens

a thick-walled tube that travels within the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal, and then within the pelvic cavity before it nears the prostate gland

What is seminal fluid

a slightly alkaline secretion needed to neutralize the acidity of the vagina

What glands contribute to the production of seminal fluid

the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands

Why do the testis hang outside the body

The internal body temperature is too high for sperm

What is the difference between seminal fluid & semen

Semen is composed primarily of seminal fluid

The male external genitalia consists of:

penis, testes, scrotum

What is gametogenesis

the process by which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes

Where does gametogenesis happen

in diploid cells of testes or ovaries

Difference between Meiosis 1& Meiosis 2

Meiosis 1 produces two haploid daughter cells containing sister chromatids




Meiosis 2 turns two haploid cells into four haploid cells (single chromatids)

What is nondisjunction

failed separation of homologous chromosomes or paired sister chromatids in meiosis 1 or 2

What are the consequences of nondisjunction

one gamete receives 2 copies of a single chromosome (24); the other receives no copies (22)




fertilization results in 47 chromosomes (trisomy), or 45 chromosomes (monosomy)




down syndrome = trisomy 21

What is oogenesis

creation of an ovum (egg cell)

What is spermatogenesis

What are the 3 stages of fertilization

1. Sperm undergoes acrosome reaction and penetrates corona radiata


2. Sperm penetrates zona pellucida


3. Sperm and egg plasma membrane fuse

What is a morula

a 16-cell stage organism which arrives in the uterine cavity about day 3 or 4

What do the cells of BGD become

They form a flat disc called the bilaminar germinal disc (BGD)

The bilaminar germinal disc and trophoblast produce 2 extra embryonic membranes:

1. Yolk sac


2. Amnion


3. Chorion

How does the chorion relate to pregnancy tests

Chorion cells produce Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

What is the placenta

a highly vascularized organ that serves as a physical and biochemical interface between embryo and mother

What are the functions of the placenta

1. exchange of nutrients, wastes, and blood gases between embryo & mother


2. transmission of maternal antibodies to the embryo


3. production of many hormones, predominantly estrogen and progesterone

What are primary germ layers

from which all human structures are derived

What is gastrulation

process by which cells from the epiblast migrate to form all three primary germ layers

What do each of the germ layers become

Ectoderm - skin


Mesoderm - muscle, CT, heart


Endoderm - GI, liver pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid gland

How does neurulation work

What structures are involved in neurulation



What are neural tube defects

birth defects of the brain and spinal cord

what is teratology

the study of the causes of congenital malformations