Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what do nutrients in food supoort?
|
- growth of body
- maintenence of body - repair of body |
|
|
what can bring on diseases of malnutrition?
|
- deficiencies, excesses, and imbalances of nutrients
|
|
|
which diseases are chronic?
|
- heart disease
- diabetes - some cancers - dental disease - adult bone loss |
|
|
what causes chronic diseases?
|
- to some extent, determined by genetics, activities, and lifesytle
- they can't be prevented by a good diet alone |
|
|
what is an inherited disease?
|
a condition that is passed from a parent to a child
|
|
|
what are examples of inherited diseases?
|
- hemophilia
- sickle cell anemia - down syndrome - cystic fibrosis |
|
|
what is an acquired disease?
|
condition that is associated with infections, lifestyle behaviors, or diet
|
|
|
what are examples of acquired diseases?
|
- heart attack
- diabetes - stroke - mineral or vitamin deficiencies |
|
|
what is expected to advance treatment of certain diseases?
|
- integration of nutrition, genomic science, and molecular biology
|
|
|
which two common lifestyle habits are the only ones that have a strong influence on long-term health?
|
- smoking and other tobacco use
- excessive alcohol |
|
|
who sets nutrition objectives for the nation each year?
|
U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services
|
|
|
what are the roles of nutrients?
|
- provide energy
- buidling material - maintenance and repair - support growth |
|
|
how is a calorie determined?
|
exploding food pieces in a special water-lined chamber and measuring the heat given off from the explosion
|
|
|
what is a gram?
|
a unit of weight
ex. one teaspoon of sugar weighs roughly 5 grams |
|
|
what nutrients are organic?
|
- carbohydrates
- fats - proteins - vitamins |
|
|
what are elemental diets?
|
diets with a precise chemical composition
|
|
|
who are elemental diets for?
|
- they can be livesaving for people who can't eat ordinary food
|
|
|
who are elemental diets not appropriate for?
|
- not appropriate over long periods for healthy people as "meal replacers" or "insurance" against malnutrition
|
|
|
why is food better than supplements?
|
- the digestive system can break down and absorb nutrients most efficiently from whole foods
- eating provides physical, psychological, and social comfort for people as well |
|
|
since food comes in a wide variety, which type of foods should a person choose?
|
basic foods - they are the basis of nutrients
|
|
|
what are the elements of a healthy diet?
|
- Adequacy: get enough of essential nutrients
- Balance: contains a good proportion of nutrients. No overemphasis of a food group - Calorie control: choose froods to maintain ideal body weight - Moderation: eat any food in reasonable-size portions - Variety: eat different types of food to prevent boredom ABCMV |
|
|
what type of act is eating?
|
its an INTENTIONAL act.
People choose what to eat, where to eat, who to eat with, and how to prepare it |
|
|
what are food ways?
|
the sum of a culture's habits, customs, beliefs, and preferences concerning food
|
|
|
whats an omnivore?
|
person who eats food of both plant and animal origin, including animal flesh
|
|
|
what are the two type of vegetarians?
|
- Lacto-ovo
- vegan |
|
|
what do lacto-ovo vegetarians eat?
|
animal products but no flesh
|
|
|
what do vegan vegetarians eat?
|
neither animal products, nor flesh
|
|
|
What are factors that derive food choices?
|
- Advertising
- Availability - Economy - Emotional comfort - Habit - Personal preference - Positive associations - Region of the country - Social pressure - Values or beliefs - Weight - Nutritional value |
|
|
what is the scientific approach to nutrition?
|
- research designs
- research related terms - scientific method |
|
|
what is the scientific challenge?
|
- once a finding is published, it is still only preliminary
- one experiment doesn't prove or disprove anything - must be duplicated, supported, and challenged by other scientists |
|
|
when can a hypothesis become a theory?
|
- a finding that has stood up to repeated rigorous testing may become a theory
|
|
|
how do you know if you can trust the media to deliver nutrition news?
|
- read nutrition information with an educated eye
- consider the source of the information (is it from reputable journal, magazine, internet chat, talk show, mother...etc?) |
|
|
what are the two ongoing national research projects?
|
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)
- Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) |
|
|
what is the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)
|
- asks about 50,000 people what they have eaten
- records measures of their health status |
|
|
what is the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII)?
|
- records what people have actually eaten for two days
- compares the foods they have chosen with the recommended food selections |
|
|
what are ways that people can make changes when it comes to eating better?
|
- taking inventory: track food intake over several days and compare to standards
- set goals: set small, achievable goals in areas that need changing |
|
|
what is the process of change?
|
psychologists describe 6 stages of behavior change
|
|
|
what can cause lapses in making change?
|
- obstacles
|
|
|
what areas can lapses occur in when trying to make change?
|
- competence
- confidence - motivation |
|
|
what is motivation based on?
|
rewards
|
|
|
what are rewards affected by?
|
- value
- timing - costs - probability |
|
|
what is the "force" that moves people to act towards change?
|
motivation
|
|
|
what is motivation affected by?
|
- by the weights people give to the rewards and the consequences that will follow the action
|
|
|
which essential nutrient is food in the carbs nutrient class?
|
- glucose
|
|
|
which essential nutrient is found in the fat nutrient class?
|
- linoleic and linolenic acid
|
|
|
which essential nutrient is found in the protein nutrient class?
|
9 of the 20 amino acids
|
|
|
what essential nutrient is found in the vitamins nutrient class?
|
all 13
|
|
|
what are the four types of research design for the scientific method?
|
- epidemiological study
- lab study - case study - intervention study |
|
|
whats an example of intervention studies?
|
adding vitamin C to someone's diet to see if they get fewer colds
|
|
|
what is an example of a case study?
|
studying a certain person that might eat too little iodine and has a goiter
|
|
|
whats an example of an epidemiological study?
|
studying a country that might have more olive oil and less heart disease
|
|
|
what is an example of a lab study?
|
proving that vitamin C leads to scurvy in rats
|
|
|
what are the daily value references?
|
they are U.S. standards used on food labels
|
|
|
what has the DRI committee set values for?
|
- vitamins
- minerals - carbs - fiber - lipids - protein - water - energy |
|
|
what are the goals of the DRI committee?
|
Goal #1: setting recommended intake values (RDA and AI)
Goal #2: Facilitating Nutrition Research and Policy (EAR) Goal #3: Establishing safety guidelines (UL) - Goal #4: Preventing Chronic Diseases (AMDR) |
|
|
what are the DRI values based on?
|
- values based on available scientific research and updated periodically
- values based on concepts of probability and risk - values recommended for optimal intakes, not minimum requirements - values set in reference to specific indicators of nutrient adequacy - values reflect daily intake to be achieved, on average, over time. Set high enough to ensure that body stores will beat nutrient needs during periods of inadequate intakes |
|
|
how does the DRI committee determine how to set the values?
|
based on balance studies
|
|
|
what are balance studies?
|
determine a persons requirement to achieve balance for nutrient X.
|
|
|
at how many units a day should the RDA be set?
|
63 units a day
|
|
|
what is EER?
|
estimated energy requirement
|
|
|
are the value requirements for the EER as generous as they are for setting the RDA?
|
- no, they are not as generous
- its set at an average value so as to maintain body weight and to discourage unhealthy weight gain |
|
|
besides the US food guide, what are other food planning tools?
|
- Appendix D
- Canada's Beyond the Basics (Appendix B) |
|
|
what do you achieve if you design your diet around the USDA Food Guide?
|
- adequacy
- balance - variety |
|
|
what are the subgroups that the USDA Food Guide divides food into?
|
ex. vegetables
- orange and deep yellow - dark green - starchy - legumes |
|
|
in what ways can you allow for substitutions for the US food guide choices?
|
- according to personal preferences
- national and cultural food choices |
|
|
how do exchange lists facilitate calorie control?
|
- by providing an understanding of how much carbs, fat, and protein are in each food group
|
|
|
according to the Nutrition Education and Labeling Act of 1990, what must every package of food include?
|
- common name of product
- name and address of manufacturer, packer, or distributor - net contents in terms of weight, measure, or count - nutrient content of product - ingredients, in descending order of predominance by weight |
|
|
what calorie diet is the calculations used to determine the % daily value?
|
2000 calorie diet
ex. if food contributes 13 mg of vitamin C per serving, and the DV is 60 mg, then a serving of that food provides 22% of the DV for vitamin C |
