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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Little Ice Age (1300 – 1800)
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•Change in climate, winters longer, shorter growing seasons
•Contributes to agricultural crisis→ over population •Partial Inheritance Problem→ Peasants divide land to all children→ become poorer •Famine sets in → starvation |
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The Plague (1347 – 1351)
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• Began in 1347/1351…last outbreak was in 1898 in Bombay
• Siege of Caffa→ plague in Sicily and spread rapidly from there • Wipes out 25-30 million, 1/3 – ½ population dead • Social order breaks down, Golden Age for Peasants • Responses→ Eat, drink & be merry or God is punishing us • Flaggalants→ group that tried to repent evils to get right with God • Aftermath→ new lands, consolidation, labor shortage, technology development (spread of technology), reoccurring plagues, labor becomes valuable, solves overpopulation • Peasant Revolts→ Jacquereie (French), Ciompi (Italy), English Peasant’s War, • Danse Macabre→ new awareness of inevitability of death, unpredictable, insure their eternal destiny, reflected in art |
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The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1285 – 1314)
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• Conflict between France and England
• Philip IV of France→ needs $ for war, taxes church clergy • Pope Boniface does not agree with Philip, Pope is kidnapped by Philip • Clement V is new Pope, supports Phillip, moves papacy to Avignon • Phillip’s Campaign vs. Templars→ Templars are killed for turning from church • Kings centralizing powers, leads to 100-years war • Papal claims→ Papal supremacy, transubstantiation, purgatory |
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Petrarch (1304 – 1374) → return to classical latin
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• Life→ from literary, urban family, studied law, Poet-Laureate
• “Love for Laura” • Greatest scholar of his day, advocated study of humanities • Discovered/Restored manuscripts→ developed textual & philological criticism • Advocate of classical greatness→ Rome & classical Latin • “More important to be good than to know good” • Significance of education→ leading a good life, learning from the past |
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Boccaccio (1313 – 1375)
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• Life→ from family of French merchants
• Friendship & quarrels with Petrarch→ about vernacular • “Decameron”→ well known literary work, about hiding from plague, sexually humor • “Geneology of Pagan Gods”→ reference about classical wars • “Vita di Dante→ popularizes Dante • Wrote colloquially, not elegant, real |
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Lorenzo Valla (1405 – 1477)
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→ bible
• Greatest humanist scholar before Erasmus • Used philology to disprove the authenticity of “Donation of Constantine” about popes • Harsh critic of scholasticism→ it depends too much of pagan philosophy→ go back to scripture • Wanted to purify bible, started “Annotations on the New Testament” |
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Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)
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→ platonic
• Humanist scholar • Head of Platonic Academy in Florence→ to discuss Greek text (paid by Medici family) • Commentary on “Symposium”→ ideas of platonic love, changes homosexuality bring it to Christian times • Wrote “Platonic Theology”→ philosophy is essential to Christianity • Principal figure in Renaissance→ revival of Plato→ Renaissance Neo-Platonism |
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Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494)
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) → unity of wisdom
• Count of Mirandola, member of Ficio’s Academy • “The Apologia”→ 900 propositions for unity of all wisdom from all sources • “Oration on Dignity of Man”→ response to criticism of 1st book→ man can choose his nature, God→ Human→ Animal, free will is unique to man, man’s ability to unify with divine |
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The Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453)
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• King of England held duchy of Gascony in France so is vassal of French king
• Succession dispute of French Crown→ Edward III vs. Phillip VI • Phase 1→ English win many victories, ends with Treaty of Bretigny • Phase 2 → Europe-wide, French wins, Reign of Charles V (French Civil war) • Henry V of England→ believed he was true king of France • Battle of Agincourt & Joan of Arc, ended with Capture of Bourdeaux • Legacy of 100 years war o England→ parliament has power of $$ o France→ takes back all territory/except Calais, King create royal bureaucracy independent of nobles, monarchy gains strength o War→ Gunfire, weapons, gunpowder, strips knight of power |
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Agincourt (1415)
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• Burgundy allies with England
• England wins by chance→ long bow & rain, many French die in mud • Henry V of England believes he has divine right, battle over this • Treaty of Troyes→ defines Henry V as successor to French throne, but later dies |
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Joan of Arc (1414 – 1431)
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• Hears voice from God to give message to Dauphin Charles VII (rightful king of France)
• Illiterate peasant girl who should drive English out of France • French siege of Orleans • Rheims captured (English → France)→ Charles VII • Capture, Trial & Execution→ by English b/c of heresy/witchcraft |
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Mehmet II “The Conqueror” (1451-1481)
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• Obsessed w/ classics, ruthless, Islamic, turkish
• The New Alexander→ conquer East to West, want Constantinople • Peace Treaties with Venice & Hungary to aid his expansion • “Throat-cutter”→ builds a for just North of Constantinople • Builds a navy & Urban → biggest gun |
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The Siege of Constantinople (1453)
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• Constantine Xi Paleologus (last emporer), Giiustianiani & 700 men enter city to protect
• Mehmet sends men, but unsuccessful for 2 months, big gun takes out walls, gates fall • City becomes Muslim, no longer center for Christianity, rulers die, campaigns in Balkins |
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The Peace of Lodi (1454)
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)→ Italy unites
• Agreement b/w wealthy powers in Italy, 25 year peace treaty between Venice and Milan • 5 Major powers in Italy→ Milan, Venice, Naples, Florence, & Papal States |
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Savonarola
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• Part of Florentine Republic, Dominican monk that preached about Lorenzo about how people lost their liberty to popular pagan philosophy & corruption in the church
• Bonfire of Vanities→ Burning of Pagan Art • Disagreed with Medici’s & Pope → eventually lost support and killed for heresy |
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Castiglione (1478 – 1529)
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• Triumph of Princes→ one voice, one man rule, order
• “Mirror of Princes”, “The courtier” (handbook of courtly manners) • Humanist defense of princely regimes |
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Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)
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• Career in Republic→ art of war in important, built militia, read Latin
• Life after Republic→ accused of treason, exiled • Works → “The Prince” (being ruthless, humans are naturally liars, skill & ability to preserve state, “The Discourses”, “The History of Florence”, ends justifies means • Virtue is skill → not theological virtues |
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The Conquest of Granada (1492)
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• Catholic Monarchs- Ferdinand & Isabella build up army to conquer Granada (last Muslim principality in Spain)
• Reconquista→ Christian “crusading” • Turning point for Spanish monarchy |
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The War of the Roses (1455 – 1485)
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• Aftermath of 100 years war → royal weakness
• Civil war in England (White Rose of York vs. Red Rose of Lancaster • 6 year struggle, wealthy families control England • White Rose of York takes power from Henry VI, rules until death in 1483 |
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Henry VII (1485 – 1509)
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)/ Henry Tudor, marries York line, combines 2 arguing families
• Avoid wars, gains loyalty, creates Royal Council, creates Court of Star Chamber staffed with lower nobility (peace & trade) • Eliminates rivals to throne • Dies in 1509, Tudor Dynasty established, English Royal power restored |
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Charles the Bold (1467 – 1477)
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“Duke of Burgundy”
• Issue of Burgundy (asserts French control→ land & money), wants Switzerland • Position of king is stronger & more independent • Killed in battle in 1477 w/o heir, Louis XI is actually King of France |
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The Catholic Monarchs
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• War of Succession (1469 – 1479)
• Isabella marries Ferdinand (unity), Re-establishment of order/royal power→ one voice • People tired of violence, Isabella pushes strong reform • “Brotherhood” → urban militias who answer to Isabella (trade $$, land ect for polit pwr) • New foreign policy → rivalry w/ France, in Italy→ Act of Resumption • Spanish Inquisition→ Converso problem (what to do w/ converts), High Jewish population (killed/converted), revolts • Isabella wants religious unifications, Ferdinand too harsh control through • Reconquista completed, Jew expulsed • Sends Columbus out |
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Thomas More (1477 – 1535)
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• Life→ non-noble, wealthy family, law, involved in govt. humanism, “Utopia”
• Working in King’s Service, Lord Chancellor of England • Loyal to Catholic universalism, opposed Henry VIII national church under royal control |
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Utopia (1516)
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• Written by Thomas More, means “no place” in Greek
• Perfect Human society, Problem in Europe is “Private Property”, Lack of structural things that forces people to act in a certain way • Critic of Erasmus, Utopia→ goods in common, intellectual pursuits, natural virtues, no war • Christianity→ Life even better |
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Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)
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• Great navigator, Genoese
• Idea of western voyage, privately financed by Isabella • 1st voyage (1492/93), wants mony/power • Legacy→ not as brutal as others, wants to be admiral of open seas, many came after him • No spices, SLAVES, little gold • Never accepted that he didn’t reach India |
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The encomienda system
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• Control new world land, division of land with labor attached, Columbus
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The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
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• Pope divides world between Spanish and Potugues→unhappy, so divide it themselves
• Most of the New World went to Spain |
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Vasco de Gama (1498)
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• Portuguese reaches India, picks up Arab navigator to make it to India, Cape Hope
• Portugues East Asian Empire (Goa) dominates spice trade, hero |
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Hernán Cortes
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**Aztecs
• Cortes heads to the Mainland, Smallpox kills many Aztecs • La Mlinche→ Native Princess, new Mya & Aztec language→ key translator • Aztec Empire→ conquors, kills, enslaves, using cannons & horses, empire→100 yrs old • Tenochtitlan→ destroy city & take over Mexico, becom nobles, get lots of gold • Moctezuma→ Aztec emporer that was eventually killed by own people • La Noche Triste→ Brutal fight where Moctezuma is killed |
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Hernán Cortes
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**Aztecs
• Cortes heads to the Mainland, Smallpox kills many Aztecs • La Mlinche→ Native Princess, new Mya & Aztec language→ key translator • Aztec Empire→ conquors, kills, enslaves, using cannons & horses, empire→100 yrs old • Tenochtitlan→ destroy city & take over Mexico, becom nobles, get lots of gold • Moctezuma→ Aztec emporer that was eventually killed by own people • La Noche Triste→ Brutal fight where Moctezuma is killed |
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Francisco Pizarro
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(Incas)
• Balboa & Pizarro→ with 180 men, takes over Inca empire • Atahualp, Huascar & small pox → kills incas & emperor, civil war • Cajamarca→ 1 year later, incas massacred • Atahualp killed→ because not enough gold • Lima Founded→ capital of spanish control • Pizarro Assisnated→ by own people |
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Bartolomé de la Casas (1484 – 1566)
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• Voage with Columbus
• Priesthood • Renuncion of encomienda system in Cuba • Mission campaign in Guatamala • Campaing for New Laws→ laws from kinsg of Spain to protect natives to Charles V |
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Gonzalo Pizarro (1542)
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• Rebellion→ conflict wth viceroy over new laws (doesn’t like new laws)→ spreads through peru
• Pizarro beheads viceroy → declared King of peru • Pizarro defeated, New Laws Ignored |
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The Great Schism (1379 – 1417)
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• Origins→ Roman vs. Avignon Pope, both elected afer captivity of the church
• Divding Christendom→ People don’t know who to pay alliance to • Declining Prestige of Popes • Question of a Council→ to elect a new pope, now there are 3 popes • Council of Constance→ in Switzerland, Sacrosancta decree→ council is superior to Pope, Election of Martin V as new pope, council would meet regularly |
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The Council of Constance (1415 – 1417)
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• Respons to Great Schism & Babylonian captivity of the church
• Multiple claims to the pope • Sacrosancta decree→ assert general church council is superior to the pope • Elect Martin V as new pope and others removed |
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Devotio Moderna
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• Reemphasize personal connection with God
• Movement that spread lay piety→ desire of non-ordained believers to connect • Thomas a Kempis & Immitation of Christ→ devotional • Priests aren’t living up to job, critique of practice, not doctrine |
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John Wyclif (1330 – 1384)
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• English Theologian who criticized papal power & clerical wealth as well as denying transubstantiation as not biblical
• Denounce pope as Anti-Christ • 1st translated bible to English • Protected by some nobles • Lollards→ English followers of Wyclif after his death→ kings & nobles against them |
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Jan Hus (1370 – 1415)
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• Wanted to have non-foreign clergy
• Czech preacher deeply influenced by Wyclif • Fierce critic of worldliness and corruption of church • Advocate of communion in 2 kinds • Summoned to council of Constance in 1414, but arrested right away • Respected by lay people & nobes, but later burned as heretic |
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The Hussite Rebellion
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• Reform from above, but then Hus dies, break with Rome
• Utraquists→ moderates • Taborites→ radicals (end of world is here) • Battle of Lipany→ Utraquists & Catholic army conquor Taborites, civil war |
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Erasmus
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→ sermon on the mount
• Citizen of all N. Europe • Illegitimate son of a priest, forced into monestary • Hope for Peace→ Christianity says to move away from war • Wrote “Handbook of a Christian Knight”, “In Praise of Folly”, “Annotated Greek New Testament”, “New Testament”, Adagia • 1st person to live off of his book sales • Literary and doctrinal: Latin prose stylist, promote “philosophy of Christ” • Kety to future protestant reformation |
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Johannes Gutenberg
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• “Gutenberg Bible”→ mass production of the bible after invention of movable type
• Growing market for cheaper books, incread literacy, ideas spread quickly/reliably |
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cimbue
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enthroned madonna c 1285
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botticelli
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"primavera" italian
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leonard da vinci
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mona lisa 1503
last supper 1495 |
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Michelangelo
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1509 sistine chapel
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Raphael
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disputation over sacraments 1509
fire in the borgo 1514 transfiguration 1520 |
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donatello
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david 1440
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