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161 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
o Two or more persons living together and related by blood, marriage, or adoption (very legal and narrow definition, used for the research found in the papers and new)
• US Bureau of Census – 1982
o Group of two or more persons who share resources, share responsibilities for decisions, share values and goals, and have commitment to one another over time (functional definition- more like today’s society)
• AAFCS – 1978
 Begins with marriage
 Ends with death of both spouses (the life cycle doesn’t end b/c one spouse died)
 Developmental tasks
o Evelyn Duvall’s Family Life Cycle - 1930's
___________ provides us with the most systematic, most widespread, long term use of the family life cycle idea ( is only concerned with the first born)
o Evelyn Duvall’s Family Life Cycle - 1930's
What are the features of life Cycle?
1. Definite progress from one stage to another
2. Stages overlap & flow together (based it on the first child)
3. People influence each other in those stages (when child is introduce ecological change)
4. **Stages have developmental tasks **
 Unique features that are milestones of responsibilities of the approximate ages
The following are known as _____ :
1. Choosing a vocation
2. Getting an Education
3. Serving the Country
4. Becoming marriageable
5. Learning to appraise and express love
6. Choosing a marriage partner
7. Getting engaged
8. Being married
Developmental tasks of young adults (created in the 1930's)
1. Maintaining a pleasant and comfortable home
2. Assuring security for later years
3. Carrying household responsibilities
4. Drawing closer together as a couple
5. Maintaining contact with grown children’s families
6. Keeping in touch with brothers’ and sisters’ families and with aging parents
7. Participating in community life beyond the family
8. Reaffirming the values of life that have real meaning

are known as ___________
developmental tasks in the middle years -1930's
What are the criticisms of Life cycle?
1. # of stages varies – less than others
2. Traditional stages - bounded by marriage, kids middle, and two parents in house
3. Affected by historical context ( macro/micro)- men going to war affect family, widows, and birthrate.
4. Later years are lumped together ( not healthy, difference in energy avalibility)
5. Fails to recognize variations ( only care about the oldest child, whatever else happens happens)
-_________attempted to provide a link between life cycle stages with the developmental task concept.
Evelyn Duvall
to see change over time
family life cycle
• Begins with inception
• Ends with death
• No age period regulates the nature of development
• Some stages of the individual’s development can be seen as stage like, while others do not lend themselves to stage concept. They just appear.
life span development
___________lifelong process (don’t have to be bounded by marriage)
life span development
what are the factors that promote developmental change?
1. Normative age-graded factors. (marriage, kids, drive, retired)
2. Normative history graded events (9/11, Katrina, Tsunami)
3. Nonnormative life events (winning 35 million, paralyzed) happens to a same fraction of people.
o Factors closely related to the individual’s age
o Walking, talking, first job, kindergarten, retirement
Normative age-grade factors (promoting individual developmental change)
o Occur at certain times in history, they are events that produce dramatic effects on individuals
o World Wars, 1920’s depression, Vietnam War
normative history-graded events
o Not normal, not experienced by everyone
o Accidents and chance encounters are non normative.
o Some events are common to a small portion of the same age individuals, other events affect only a single individual.
o They do not happen at a predictable time
non - nomative life events
• Family is a unity made up of individual, interacting personalities.
Ernest Burgess 1930's
_______ is the father of family science
Ernest Burgess - 1930's
a husband and a wife are a _________
conjugal family
a husband, wife and child
nuclear family
family in which you have children, you are the parent; this a new nuclear family
family of orientation
beyond the nuclear family, the family tree
extended family
one many one woman one time. only legal for mof marriage acceptable in the US
monogamy
more than one marriage in a life time although still one at a time
serial monogamy
multiple spouses
polygamy
multiple wives
polygny
monogamous, biological with husband and wife. (less than 10% of the population - house mom clean house, cooked dinner)
traditional family
both spouses work
dual career
Changing Family Demographics
Family Households
1970—____%
2000—___%
81, 69
__________—not married, but live together.
1990--3.2 million
2000—5.5 million
cohabbitating couple
Married with children
1970—___%
2000—___%
40 --> 24
In 1970 ___ % and in 2000 ___% were married wthout children
30-->30
in 1980 ___% and in 2000 ___% of children lived with 2 parents
77 --> 69
What are the changing famkily issues and challenges?
• Health Issues
-HIV/AIDS
-Obesity

• Proportion of elderly persons (has increased) –multi-generational support
• Disasters of all kinds –hurricanes –tsunamis
• Managing multiple roles –being a student, working fulltime or part-time, wife.
• Communication technologies –internet, phones
• Family economic pressures
_________came up with the idea of family functions which are adjusting to social change
William Ogburn in 1934
What was done before William Ogburn came up with family functions in 1934?
• Historical/Traditional Family fuctions of a Nuclear Family
o Reproduction of new members
o Sexual regulation
o Economic cooperation ( production of food and clothing,)
o Education /religious education of the child
What do the current family functions consist of?
1. Procreation and socialization of children
a. Procreation- surrogate mothers, socialization- teaching one about ones culture)
2. Emotional Support
a. Who do you call when you need help?
3. Regulate sexual activity
o Exogamy –requires you to marry outside of a certain group of membership (no relatives, outside of the family)
o Endogamy- requires you to marry within a social group or category (reduces the number of available people, Prince William marries Fergie…
4. Assignment of Status and social roles – our position in society ( born into religion)
______ = surrogate mothers, & ________ =teaching one about ones culture)
procreation and socialization
second family function _________ - who do you call when you need help?
emotional support
current family function - __________, exogamy & endogamy
regulate sexual activity
requires you to marry outside of a certain group of membership( no realtive, outside of the family)
exogamy
requires you to marry within a social group or category (reduces the number of available people (Prince William marries Fergie)
Endogamy
forth current family function _______ - our position in society (born into religion or royalty)
assignment of status and social roles
________ are adjusting to social change; we have lost some and gained new ones over time
family functions
Why are more families growing apart?
• US increasing individualistic
o Preoccupied with pursuit of personal happiness
• Mobility of families
o No longer live in close proximity
What factors does research show we rely on when choosing a mate?
o We feel comfortable with (#1 reason)
o Who reinforces our own self-image (look like you belong together)
o Ideal mate in mind (personal idea of who they want to marry or list of things they are looking for)
o Like social economic status, religion, race, education, and age
o Propinquity ( we select someone who lives close to us; same school church organizations)
o Parental Influence
1. Length of Acquaintance : Longer is better
2. Age at Marriage : success increases with the increasing age of the people (separation of more than 6 years is not good)
3. Social Class and Residence : Lower socioeconomic group, country/small cities have better success rate than larger cities ( less distractions)
4. Premarital Pregnancy (-)
5. Previous Divorce and Divorced Parents: They see it as a way of life ( if your parents are divorce you have a higher rate of getting divorced)
6. Parental Conflict or Approval : desirable that parents approve of mate
7. Religion : same faith is better
8. Mental Health: duh!
are the psychosocial factors / predictors of marital status... determine how happy a marrage will be
What are the psychosocoial factors or predictors of martial status?
1. Length of Acquaintance : Longer is better
2. Age at Marriage : success increases with the increasing age of the people (separation of more than 6 years is not good)
3. Social Class and Residence : Lower socioeconomic group, country/small cities have better success rate than larger cities ( less distractions)
4. Premarital Pregnancy (-)
5. Previous Divorce and Divorced Parents: They see it as a way of life ( if your parents are divorce you have a higher rate of getting divorced)
6. Parental Conflict or Approval : desirable that parents approve of mate
7. Religion : same faith is better
8. Mental Health: duh!
What factors terminate a marriage?
annulment, death of a spouse, divorce
_____ state marrage, not church marrage - marriage no longer exists if someone is married already.
annulment ( ex - brittney spears)
____ state, law, everyone is different
divorce
• appreciation for one another
• spending time together
• commitment
• good communication patterns
• -TLF=talk, listen, fight.
• High degree of religious orientation
• Ability to deal with a crisis in a positive number.
factors that strengthen a family
what are factors that strengthen a family?
• appreciation for one another
• spending time together
• commitment
• good communication patterns
• -TLF=talk, listen, fight.
• High degree of religious orientation
• Ability to deal with a crisis in a positive number.
husband and wife are ready to be parents
marital readiness
whether or not people/person can afford a child
financial readiness
being mature enough to be parents
emotional readiness
What are the features of parental roles?
*mother usually does most work.
1. pressure to assume the role.
2. not always a voluntary decision.
3. irrevocable
4. unique in preparation.
(pregnancy)
What are the different parenting styles?
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive
o Energetic/Friendly Children
 Affection
 Positive reinforcement
 Firm, unyielding
 Give reasons
authoritative parents
o Conflicted/ Irritable Children
 Children have few rights
 Children should adhere to authority
 Choices not given
 Parents use power and firm control
 No explanation “just do it, because I said so”
 Physical punishment
 Fear techniques
authoritarian parents
o Impulsive / Aggressive Children
 Parents have no control over children
 Parents provide little guidance
 Kids do what they want
 Obvious lax discipline
 Behavior becomes unbearable, then parent overacts
permissive parents
What are the non punitive methods of discipline?
1. Removing temptation for misbehavior
2. Making rules simple
3. Being consistent
4. Setting a good example
5. Praise good behavior
6. Discipline with love instead of anger
1. Removing temptation for misbehavior
2. Making rules simple
3. Being consistent
4. Setting a good example
5. Praise good behavior
6. Discipline with love instead of anger
are the ___________
non puritive methods of discipline
What are the three types of "inner sources" children need if they are to become responsible adults?
1. Good feelings about themselves and others
2. An understanding of right and wrong
3. Alternatives for solving problems
o Children _________their weight in 6 months
double
Children ______ their weight ina year
triple
Height of a child at 2 years is _____ their adults height
half
Height of the son is ________
mothers hight + 5 inches
Height of the daughter is _________
mothers height - 5inches
Both the height of the son and daughter + or - ____. This accounts for genetic differences.
2 inches
A baby is measured and weighed every visit to chart growth and watched for abnormalities
true
What are the different levels of child development?
-Physical Development
-Emotional Development
-Erik Erickson
-Cognitive Development
-Jean Piaget
_________proposed that individuals pass through a series of emotional stages
o Each stage has a task (developmental task ) or crisis to be resolved if the person is to develop into a healthy, happy adult.
Erick Erickson - Emotional Development
What are the stages of emotional development?
1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs inferiority 5. identity vs role confusion
a. 0-1 year
b. Babies dependent upon adults to satisfy their needs
c. Can’t spoil children at this age
emotional development - stage 1 trust vs mistrust
1-3 years ; toddlers develop independence
emotional development stage 2 - autonomy vs shame doubt
4-5 years ; young childrean learning self- control
emotional development stage 3 - intitaive vs guilt
6-11 years; children develop motivation to learn constructive activity ( fix things, group efforts, sports, chores)
emotional development stage 4 -industry vs inferiority
12-18 years; who i am, where am i going, what will i be? not a child but not adult
emotional development stage 5 - identity vs role confusion
o Jean Piaget- major theorist
o Placed relatively little emphasis on emotions or personality forcus on thought processes and intellectual development
o Children think differently than adults
o PLAY- children learn and explore!
o Language – one word sentences and by age four has mastered the use of language
o Socialization – behavior is social when it involves clear interchanges of ideas between people
o Egocentric – cannot see viewpoint of another
cognitive development
one word sentences and by age four has mastered the use of this
language
behavior is social when it involes clear interchanges of ideas
socialization
cannot see viewpoint of another; thinks everyone sees things and experiences things as you do
egocentric
What are the stages of cognitive development?
1. sensorimotor stage 2. preoperational stage(use of pictures) 3. concrete operational stage 4. formal operation
a. 0-2 years
b. Child senses (touch, sight. Smell, hear, and taste) bring him/her into contact with the world
cognitive development stage 1 - sensorimotor stage
a. 2-7 years
b. Child beings to acquire language and begin to think
(uses pictures)
cognitive develp - stage 2 preoperational stage
o 7-11 years or 12 years
o Child has greater logical ability, but still not perfect
o Reversibility – see things both ways ( math skills)
o Serrations – organizing objects into ordered series, such as increasing size
o Classification – take into consideration two kinds of classes
cognitive develop stage 3 - concrete operational
age 12 - adulthood; child into more abstract and synthetic thought
cognitive develp stage 4 formal operation
see things both ways ( math skills)
reversibility (concrete operational stage)
organizing objects into ordered series such as increasing size
serrations ( concerte operational stage)
______ is normal in cognitive development, ____ isnt normal in cognitive development
the night light; repeating tasks and wanting to eat at different times
• U.S. department of agriculture since 1960 expenditures on children from birth to age 17
• Consumer expenditure survey approximately 5000 households interviewed quarterly
• Households were selected upon _________
o One child under age 17 living at home
o Has six or fewer children
o No other elated or unrelated people
o Complete income reports ( earned salary/wages)
o Focus in this report is on the younger child!
The results of the study done since 1960 by the USDA concerning expenditures of children from birth to age 17 are used for ___________
o Developing state child support guidelines and foster care payments
o Family educational programs
The overall estimates ro raise children varry by ???
household income levels, age of the child, and region of the country in which you live
In low income house hold that makes $44,500 or less (average 27,800) _________ was spent on the child
7500 - 8540
In middle income randing from 44500 to 74900 ( average 59300) _____ was spent on child
10600 to 11600
in high income more than 74900(aveg was 112200) _______ was spent on the child
15760-16970
• Single parent household
o $18,600 83%
• Husband – wife household
• $27,800 33%
lower income averages of money spent on child
• Households with 1 child spent an average ___% more on the single child
24
• House hold with 3+ children spent an average of ___% less on each child
23
• College Board (2007) estimates that in 2006-2007, annual average tuition and fees were $5,836 at a 4 yr public college and $22,218 at a 4 yr private college
true
In a low income 2 parent household making 43200 or less (average 26900) spent ______ on per child
73000-8290
in middle income 2 parent homes making 43,200 to 72600 _______ per child
10220 to 11290
in high income 2 parent homes more than 72600 (average 108700) _______ per child
15190-16390
Percentages of what money is spent on for the child... housing __, food __, transportation ___, clothing ____, health care ___, child care and education ____ (doesnt include private education), misc ___ (books text books entertainment gifts personl care items)
33, 18, 15,7, 7,9,11
Housing cost the most and clothing and healthcare are the lowest and the categories donot include college
true - COST INCREASES WITH AGE
Parents with one child spent ___ more on the single child
24%
___ less was spent on each child with 3 or more children
23%
region of the country -
• Average income category and figures represent estimated expenses on the child, age 15-17, in a two child high income household
o 16,970 total
o 17,880 Urban wEst
o 15,950 urban Midwest
o 17 090 urban south
o 17,410 urban north east
o 16 130 rural less than 25000 persons

where is it the cheepest?
rural area with less than 25000 people
• In _____, mother did not work, so child care was not an expense
1960
In 1995 _____ was the largest expenditure for middle income families with a preschooler
child care
of the women employed outside the home (norm) american children under age 18 with mother in the labor force in 1970 was ___% and as of 1990 waas ___%
39 and 62
Mothers with a high school education ____ and mothers with a college education ____
51% and 70%
It costs alot to have a child just hospital costs. to have a baby _____ way is more expensive.
sea section
In child birth if there are no complications the insurance should cover most.
true
Largest expense is _____
college after age 17
• The original intent of USDA’s research on expenditures on children was primarily educational: __________ Although still used for this purpose, new applications are surfacing: developing state child support guidelines and foster care payments.
to be used in financial planning guides and budget programs.
Total costs of a child from birth to age 17: lowest_____, middle _______, highest _______
182,000 , 250530, 366020
____ of mothers with children under 6 were working outside of the home
64%
___ of mothers with children ages 6-17 were working outsdie of the home.
78%
In 48 states the cost of center based child care for a 4 year old is _____ than tuition at a 4 year public college
greater
______ helps shape children's futures and is key to school readiness.
child care
_________ has a lasting impact on childrens well being and ability to learn
quality child care
Children in quality child are demonstrated greaters __________, _________, ________ than children in lower quality care
mathematical ability, grater thinking and attention skills, and fewer beahvioral problems
School age children's academic performance is enchanced by attending formal child care proframs of at least adequate quality.
formal child care
Approximately:
• 64% of mothers with children under age 6
• 78% of mothers with children ages 6-13
• 59% of mothers with infants
true
What are the different child care settings?
No supplemental care, relative care, in home care, family day care, child care centers
the parents work yet take care of their own children by split shift parenting, the mother works at home, or eventually the child cares for themselves
no supplemental care
care provided by a family member, free or low cost, likely to provide more loving care
relative care
10 years ago ___% of the relative cared for children to help the mother, not because they wanted to be a care giver! 2 out of the 5 were paid
60
non relative cares for children in their home, costly (minimum wages),
in home care
10 years ago only __% of preschoolers were cared for by in home care
3
child care provided in private residence, neighborhood day care, and meet state standards
family day care
care providided in a nonresidential facility, usualy for 13 or more children
child care centers
what goes NAEYC stand for
national association for education of the young child
What are the employer sponsered child care options?
onsite or nearsite centers, consortium center, referral service, employee discounts, voucher system, cafeteria plan(IRS)
when two or three buisness groups share costs of one child care center
consortium center
company subsidizes a portion of the child care costs
voucher system
the belieft that consumers should make rational infomred choices and to take responsibility for those choices
consumerism
a person who acquires goods and services for ultimate consumption or use by a person family or household
consumer
all persons related and unrelated living together
household
________ consists of 3 major periods of consumer protection activity: late 1800 to early 1900. 1930's, and the late 1950's to early 1960;s
consumer protection movement
what did the consumer proytection movement in the late 1800 to early 1900s consist of?
industrial revolution, food adulteration,medicine/drugs
who were the consumer protection agencies?
Federal Trade Comision(FTC-1914)- to prevent unfair and deceptive trade practices-created by congrss ex:gas, Food and Drug Administration (FDA-1906)- to protect the nations health in the areas of food and drugs - ex: food labling
What was the perpose of the FTC?
federal trade commision in 1914- to prevent unfair and deceptie trade practices, created by congress . example gas
What was the purpose of the FDA?
food and drug administration -1906 to protect the nationshealth in the areas of food and drugs (ex food labling)
what did the consumer protection movement of the 1930's consist of?
the great depression and food and drug problems
what sis the consumer protection movement of the late 1950's to early 1960's consist of?
tragedy of thalidomine(drug that caused deformities), automobile - Ralph Nader - safety, and consumer Bill of rights - 1962
The consumer bill of rights was created in _____ by _____ and stated the following:
1. right to choose
2. right to safety
3. right to information
4. right to be heard
5. right to redress(complain) added by Nixion
6. Right to consumer education. Added by Gerald Ford
7. Right to a clean environment (not officially added)
Kennedy in 1962
What were the original consumer bill of rights?
1. right to choose
2. right to safety
3. right to information
4. right to be herd
Historically the family has been a _____ unit, currently the family is a ____ unit
producing unit, consuming unit
What are the ways in which families participate in the economy?
providing labors, both trhough procreation and providing incentives to work, perform a consumer socializing function, directing the market with their choices and consumption patterns, and allowing children to become direct consumers
providing labors, both trhough procreation and providing incentives to work, perform a consumer socializing function, directing the market with their choices and consumption patterns, and allowing children to become direct consumers
the ways in which families participate in the economy
______ is the activities and strategies used by humans to allocate resources to meet our desired goals and needs
management
What are the major recources?
time money energy ( major source of conflict and cause of divorce)
What are the Basic management principle?
goalsetting, planning, implementing, and evaluating
the _____ is very imporant because it requires reason and assessment, discipline, clarification of values and goals and flexibility for the unexpected
planning
__________ is a continuing process of decision making about obtaining, protecting and using financial resources over the life cycle.
financial planning and management
money income (inheritence), transfer payments( welface, SS, unemployment), non-money financial resources(exchange service not money painting someones house in exchange for dental work)
obtaining
careful choices (dont place all your money in one retirement option,ie Enron); insureance
protecting
day to day expenses, short term or irregular saving (short trips, car repairs) long term savings (house or car)
using