Ht11 Dialektologi Ii

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written language

Back 1

representantion of a language using a writing system, often divergent from spoken language

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word

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the smallest grammatically independent unit of language

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voiceless

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sound pronounced without vocal fold vibration

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voiced

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sound produced with vocal cold vibration

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velar

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sound made with a constriction of the tongue body against the velum/soft palate. [g], [k]

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uvula

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pendulous tip of the velum

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unround

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vowel formed with the lips relaxed, without rounding the lips

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transliteration

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the practice of converting a text from one script into another

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transcription

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the process and product of writing details of speech

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tense

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grammatical category that situates an event or state in relation to a point in time

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syntax

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rule-goverened combination of words into phrases and sentences

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syllabary

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set of written symbols which represent the syllables of a language

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suffix

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affix placed following the base to which it is bound

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subject

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one of two main constituents of a clause; noun or noun phrase which governs agreement on a verb

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stress

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prominence relation between syllables, certain may be longer, louder or more clearly articulated

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stop

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manner of articulaton, the flow of air from the lungs is interruped by closing the vocal tract

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state

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autonomous territory under the control of a single political authority

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standard language

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socially favored variety of a language

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sonorant

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speech sound that is made audible by resonance of air in the vocal tract, rather than by obstruction of airflow, ie vowels

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soft palate

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the velum; soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth, does not contain bone

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sociolect

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variety of language associated with a social group; socioeconomic class, ethnic group, age group etc

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singular

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number, concept of quantity representing a value of one

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sibilant

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class of noisy, strident sounds; stream of air with the tongue towards the sharp edge of the teeth held close together; [s]

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shared trait

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traits shared between related or unrelated languages, used to define linguistic areas

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semantics

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field of linguistics, studies literal meaning

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script

Back 26

set of symbols of a given writing system

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schwa

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unstressed mid central vowel [ə]

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round

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sound formed with the lips rounded

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root

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most basic form of a lexical morpheme before any morphological operation has been applied to it

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regular

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behaving according to the default linguistic pattern

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pronoun

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type of noun phrase used to refer to an already known entity

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prefix

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affix placed before the base to which it is bound

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predicate

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verb phrase of a sentence

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plural

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concept of quantity representing a value of more than one

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place of articulation

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area of the vocal tract at which a constriction is made

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pictogram

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ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to an object

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phonology

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linguistic field, study of how languages organise sounds into different patterns

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phonogram

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written symbol which represents a sound unit (phoneme of syllable) of spoken language

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phonetic alphabet

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system for transcribing the precise sounds of human speech into writing

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phoneme

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one of the contrastive sounds of a language, group of sounds perceived by the speaker to be the same

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pharynx

Back 41

open area in the back of the throat, between the larynx and the velum

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person

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grammatical property which distinguishes entities referred to in relation to their role as speaker, addressee or else

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palatal

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sound made with a constriction of the tongue body against the hard palate

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oral language

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spoken language which has no standard written form

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official language

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language used to carry out the practical functions of a state; courts, military etc

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number

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grammatical property of nouns and pronouns which indicates quantity of entities

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nasal

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sound produced with an open velum, ie nasal airflow

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narrowing

Back 48

semantic change from superordinate to subordinate level, meaning of a word becomes narrower

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morphology

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branch of linguistics that is concerned with the analysis of internal word structure, study of morphemes and other linguistic units

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morpheme

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smallest meaningful unit of a language. words are made up of one or more morpheme

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mood

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grammatical category that expresses a speaker’s belief, opinion or attitude about the content of an utterance; such as if something is likely or doubtful, hope or wish.

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minimal pair

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two distinct words that differ only in a single sound in the same position

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mid vowel

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vowel sound in which the tongue body remains at a neutral, intermediate height, [ə]

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metathesis

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synchronic switching of the order of speech sounds. (a sound change that alters the order of phonemes in a word; nuclear --> nucular)

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manner of articulation

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type of constriction that is made for a speech sound: stop, fricative, affricate, approximant, vowel. (how the tongue, lips, jaw and other speech organs are involved in making a sound)

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low vowel

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vowel sound in which the tongue body moves down from a neutral position; [a]

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logogram

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writing symbol which represents a morpheme or word in a language

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loan words

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lexical items borrowed from one language to another

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liquids

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class of consonants consisiting of lateral consonants together with rhotics

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lexicon

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“mental dictionary” of a speaker compromising knowledge of lexical items, including pronunciation, meaning and grammatical properties

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lexical category

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class of lexical items and the phrases they project, with relatively rich meaning and less important structural role. “parts of speech”

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lexeme

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lexical morpheme, vocabulary entry belonging to one of the major lexical categories and capable of being inflected for use in particular grammatical contexts
(abstract unit of morphological analysis that corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word)

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laryngeal

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sound made with the larynx as the only active articulator

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language

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language variety acknowledged to have social and political importance, generally mutually unintelligible with other languages

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jargon

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terms associated with a particular sphere of activity, profession or group

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isogloss

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geographical boundary of a linguistic feature

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irregular

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not following the regular linguistic patterns of a language

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interrogative

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mood for questions

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intelligibility

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[mutual intelligibility] a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand each other without intentional study or extraordinary effort

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inflection

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process of modifying the form of a lexeme to signal to signal a grammatical contrast as required by a language’s syntax

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infinitive

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untensed form of a verb which is often used as citation form

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indicative

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grammatical mood of verbs used for factual statements and positive beliefs

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imperative

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grammatical mood of verbs which commands or urges the audience to act a certain way

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imala

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vowel shift found in many dialects where [æ] is raised and becomes [e] or [ɛ] in certain contexts

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idiom

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a phrase whose literal meaning does not follow from principles of semantics

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ideolect

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a variety of language unique to an individual

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high vowel

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vowel sound in which the tongue body moves up from a neutral position: [i], [u], [y]

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hieroglyphics

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Ancient Egyptian writing system which combined logograms, consonantal symbols and semantic class indicators

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hard palate

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thin plate of the skull located in the roof of the mouth. essential in forming sounds such as [t], [d]

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grapheme

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a symbol in a writing system

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glottal stop

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sound made by closing the vocal folds, stopping the airflow in the vocal tract at the larynx, [ʔ]. (MSA: hamza)

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glide

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approximant with a high tongue position and constriction just slightly narrower than a high vowel

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gender

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a system of classes of nouns which trigger specific types of inflections in associated words

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geminate

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a long or double consonant (Arabic: shadda)

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front vowel

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vowel sound for which the tongue body moves forward in the mouth: [i], [a]

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fricative

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manner of articulation in which two articulators are brought close together, forcing air through a narrow channel, the air becoming turbulent and noisy

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feature

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abstract grammatical property that is realised by grammatical morphemes, ie plural is a number featured that is realised by various morphological means

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epiglottis

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flap of tissue that covers the larynx during swallowing

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dual

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grammatical number that refers to two of the entities indicated by the noun or verb

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distinctive feature

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representation of a phonetic dimension relevant to phonological contrast

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dissimilation

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similar consonant or vowel sounds in a word become less similar

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dipthong

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vowel that combines two different tongue positions in sequence

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diglossia

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when two dialects or languages are used by a single language community: everday vernacular language and a highly codified, formal variety

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dialect

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one of several distinguishable varieties of a language. generally mutually intelligble (not always). has features on all levels of language; lexical, phonological, morphosyntactic, etc.

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diacritic

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a glyph added to a letter/glyph to change its sound value (Latin alphabet) or perform other functions (vowel diacritics in Arabic)

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derivative

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the process of forming a new word by modifying an existing base via affixation, compounding etc.

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dental

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sound articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, [t], [d]

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deletion

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removal of sound from a word, often for easier pronuncation

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cuneiform

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script consisting of symbols made by combinations of wedge-shaped impressions in soft clay

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corpus

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collection of texts that are a representative sample of a language for linguistic analysis

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coordination

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device allowing the linking of words, phrases or clauses at the same level of structure using coordinators. and, or

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continuum

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dialect continuum; a range of dialects spoken across geographical area that differ only slightly

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conjugation

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one or two or more classes of verbs distinguished by a set of inflectional forms that differ from other classes

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compound

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combining of two or more words to form a new word

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central vowel

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vowel sound formed with the tongue positioned halfway between a front vowel and back vowel: [ə]

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case

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grammatical category marked on nouns, pronouns and adjectives that indicates their function in a phrase or sentence

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broadening

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semantic change in which a word aquires a broader meaning than initially

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borrowing

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adoption of elements (words etc) from one language or dialect into another

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bilabial

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sound articulated by bringing together the upper and lower lips: [p], [b], [m]

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back vowel

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vowel sound for which the tongue moves back in the mouth: [u], [o]

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assimilation

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phonological process where a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound

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aspect

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grammatical category that indicates the temporal property of an action or state; whether it is completed, ongoing, habitual etc

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alveolar

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sound made with the tounge against or close to the alveolar ridge: t, n

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alphabet

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script where the symbols represent the consonants and vowels of a spoken language

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allophone

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one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds used to pronounce a single phoneme

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allomorph

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variant pronunciation of a morpheme that appears in a particular conditioning environment

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agreement

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grammatical matching relation where the form of a word/words is inflected to correspond with a feature of another word

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affix

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bound morpheme attached to a word stem to alter it in some way

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abjad

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writing system where only consonants are represented by letters, vowels are optionally marked by diacritics