Hst305 - F13 - Midterm - Lourdes University

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Samuel de Champlain

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(Lived 1574 -1635) A shrewd and resourceful leader that helped found the colony of New France and built a small fortified trading post in Quebec. As a talented trader, soldier, cartographer, explorer and diplomat he realized that French success in Canada depended on building an alliance with native peoples.

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Hiawatha

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Early 16th century. Chief disciple of the prophet named Deganawida, he helped to spread the message of unity and peace to help improve relations between Iroquois nations. The two persuaded the 5 Nations to form a Great League of Peace and Power. The periodically sent chiefs to the main village to hold condolence ceremonies instead of the further killings of mourning wars. These ceremonies would consist of the relatives of the victims receiving gifts. This restored peace and broke the cycle of revenge killing.

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Enclosure Movement

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Late 16th and early 17th centuries. Aristocratic landlords adopted this program. Large tracts of land and common lands were fenced in where flocks of sheep, hired laborers and a few tenants would replace the large number of peasant smallholders. This increased agricultural productivity and national wealth in the short term but rendered redundant, homeless, and miserable thousands of peasants and laborers (about half of the rural peasantry lost their lands).

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Mourning War

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These wars were carried out to help members of the tribe cope with grief. During these a tribe would make war with the enemy and take new members. Elderly women of the tribe dictated the war and determined the fate of the captured people. In the 1600s the Iroquois nation carried out so many of these wars that their tribe's were comprised of more other peoples than native tribe members.

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Mercantalism

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Beginning around 1650, the British government pursued a policy of mercantilism in international trade. Mercantilism stipulates that in order to build economic strength, a nation must export more than it imports. To achieve this favorable balance of trade, the English passed regulatory laws exclusively benefiting the British economy. These laws created a trade system whereby Americans provided raw goods to Britain, and Britain used the raw goods to produce manufactured goods that were sold in European markets and back to the colonies. As suppliers of raw goods only, the colonies could not compete with Britain in manufacturing. English ships and merchants were always favored, excluding other countries from sharing in the British Empire’s wealth.

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John Rolfe

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John Rolfe left England in 1609 headed for Jamestown and arrived in 1610. He brought with him some tobacco seeds from Trinidad that were sweeter than the kind grown by the Native Americans. This strain of tobacco helped England compete against Spain on the tobacco market. The strain of tobacco was known as Orinoco. Rolfe is credited with being the first to commercially cultivate a sweeter tobacco in North America. Exports began in 1612 and made the Virginia Company very profitable. Rolfe's tobacco was a major help to the survival and prosperity of Jamestown. In 1614, Rolfe married Pocahontas.

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Bacon's Rebellion

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In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley. Bacon and other settlers/farmers were unsatisfied with Berkeley's handling of Indian attacks on the settlers. He and his band of about 500 revolted and started attacking the Native Americans in the area. Bacon then marched on Jamestown and burned it to the ground, forcing Governor Berkeley to escape across the river to hide. The rebellion ended when Bacon died in October of 1676. The rebellion did not solve the issues with the Native Americans but it did result in Berkeley being recalled to England

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Maryland Toleration Act

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The Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians. Passed on April 21, 1649 by the assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the second law requiring religious tolerance in the British North American colonies and created the first legal limitations on hate speech in the world. (The colony which became Rhode Island passed a series of laws, the first in 1636, which prohibited religious persecution including against non-Trinitarians; Rhode Island was also the first government to separate church and state.) Historians argue that it helped inspire later legal protections for freedom of religion in the United States. The Calvert family, who founded Maryland partly as a refuge for English Catholics, sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and those of other religions that did not conform to the dominant Anglicanism of Britain and her colonies.

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Requerimiento

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Conquistadores used this Spanish law of conquest to regulate Indians that went against their rules or beliefs. They wanted Indians to convert to Christianity and accept Spanish rule. There would be harsh consequences to the Indians that did not oblige to these rules. The Requerimiento laws believed that a person was responsible for their own death and could not be blamed on the soldiers or monarchs. However many people disagreed with the Spanish law of the conquistadores because there was a language barrier that did not allow them to communicate or understand each other. The historical significance of the law code is that it helps us understand how the Indians were treated and controlled by the conquistadores.

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Juan de Onate

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The viceroy called Juan appeased Rio Grande Valley and founded the colony of New Mexico. He went to a country of scarce resources which tested his patience and royal orders for new discoveries. Onates colonists seized a pueblo which was then renamed San Gabriel, evicting the native inhabitants. His soldiers were disobedient, extorting maize, cotton blankets, buffalo robes and women. These demands affected pueblo’s survival because the natives had little leftovers to spare. Onate made his most ambitious expedition in 1605, following the Colorado River from near the Grand Canyon to the Gulf of California. By his return to New Mexico the colony was in confusion. In 1607 continuing problems and mounting debt caused Onate to resign as leader of colony

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Pueblo Revolt

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The pueblo revolt was an uprising of many pueblos, of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico. Popé, along with a number of other Pueblo leaders, planned and orchestrated the Pueblo Revolt. He plotted the revolt from Taos. Pope dispatched runners to all the Pueblos carrying knotted cords, the knots signifying the number of days remaining until the appointed day. Each morning the Pueblo leader was to untie one knot from the cord, and when the last knot was untied, that would be the signal for them to rise against the Spaniards in unison. One cause of the Pueblo revolt was serious drought. The conditions contributed to food shortage and increased Apache raids. When the revolt was finished twenty one Franciscan were dead due to the fact they wanted to be treated equal and have the same opportunities as the Spaniards.

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Black Legend

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The Black Legend was publicity used by Northern European Protestant countries to justify their imperial ambitions as opposed to Spain's. They took a document written by the Spaniard Bartolome de las Casas and ultimately said, "see, even your own people think you're horrible." Europeans had an unfavorable image of Spain and Spaniards, accusing them of cruelty and intolerance. All 16th century European colonizers behaved with arrogance and cruelty whenever superior power enabled them to dominate and exploit native people. The Spanish had a wider opportunity to conquer greater numbers of Indians at their most vulnerable moment. Spain also provided the earliest critics of colonial violence. The Black Legend is the propaganda put forth of a kinder, gentler colonialism. That is, they'd be better for native populations than the Spanish.

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Yamasee War

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Fought between 1715 and 1717 in South Carolina between Yamasee Indians and their allies and the the English settlers. Yamasee were in debt to colonists, colonists began to seize and enslave Yamasee women and children to cover debts, Yamasee rebelled. Important because Carolinians had been using divide and conquer tactics on the Indians, were confronted by unified Indians for the first time.

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Roger Williams

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Minister in Salem, Massachusetts, in the early 1630s. He provoked Massachusetts authorities, believed in more separation from Church of England, fair treatment for Indians, freedom of speech, assembly, and religion. Fled Massachusetts before he could be expelled, Settled Providence in what became Rhode Island. Important because Williams was an early voice for freedoms that became dear to Americans.

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Anne Hutchinson

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Lived in Massachusetts in the 1630s, believed she was a prophet, held prayer meetings in her home which attracted followers, verbally attacked Massachusetts leaders who considered her a threat to the social order for stepping out of her place as a woman. She was expelled, went to Rhode Island. She was important because she was an strong woman at a time in American history when women were forced to remain in the background.

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King Philip's War

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War fought between 1675 and 1678 in New England between English colonists and their Indian allies and Indians under Metacom, leader of the Wampanoag and their allies. Metacom was known as King Philip to the English. After initial defeats, the colonists and their allies rebounded by attacking the villages of their enemies. Metacom was ambushed and his head sent to Plymouth. It is important because of the scale of the conflict at the time, 52 out of 90 colonial settlements came under attack, with 12 being destroyed,and there were 1000 dead colonists and 3000 dead Indians.

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Anglo-Dutch Wars

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3 wars fought between England and the Dutch in1652-54, 1664-67, and 1672-74. The Dutch had been the preeminent trading power in the World, the English sought to replace them and passed the Navigation Acts in the 1650s and 1660s. The Dutch waged the wars in response, the wars were all stalemates but gradually wore down Dutch power. The Anglo-Dutch Wars were important in American History because it was during the wars that the English captured New Netherlands which became New York.

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"Columbian Exchange"

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(1492) between the New World and Old World was a wide spread of animals, plants, culture, human population, and communicable disease, technology. The Columbian Exchange impacted the social and cultural makeup of both sides of the Atlantic. It affected Europeans and Native Americans. Brought new ideas, goods to the New World.

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"Virginia Soil" Epidemics

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sweep through populations with no prior exposure to a particular infectious disease and consequently no immunity to it. Almost every disease that Europeans carry to the Americas in the 1500s causes a virgin-soil epidemic because every Native American exposed to it is susceptible.

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Hernan Cortes

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Hernan Cortes: 1520, Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. He also led an expedition that helped to bring the Aztec empire and most of the midland in Mexico under the rule of King of Castile in the 16th century.

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Congratulations! You’ve landed a job at a museum and your first assignment is to put together an
exhibit entitled “Native American Cultures and European Expansion.” How would approach this
project? What would each display in your exhibit try to convey to the museum attendees? Be sure that
you provide the viewers with some understanding of Pre-Columbian (pre-contact) Native lifeways as
well as concrete examples of how European colonization affected Native cultures

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What would each display in your exhibit try to convey to the museum attendees? - Displays would need to convey the broad spectrum of native cultures such as the Mississippian, Hopewell, Northeastern Woodlands, Southeastern, etc.. Display how and when the ancestors of the Indians came to the Americas via Bering land bridge 25,000 to 70,000 years ago. Talk about village life, crops they grew ( corn, squash, beans), domesticated animals ( dogs, alpacas, turkeys ), fluidity of Indian families ( captives could be brought into families, especially women and children ), spiritual life ( spirits exist in the world around them ), and I Indian views on land ownership ( usufruct ).
Displays would also address how Indian life was changed by the arrival of Europeans, address diseases, enslavement, how Indian tribes were played off against each by Europeans. Also address changes in flora and fauna from Old World to New ( horses, hogs, cattle, sugar, bananas, wheat ), and New World to Old ( potatoes, corn, tomatoes, etc...)

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Why did the English colonization of North America begin so late (relative to that of other European
powers)? Once the English began colonizing North America, how did their activities compare and
contrast with those of the French and Spanish? Be sure to reference specific examples and events to
support your general points.

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The reason why English colonization of North American begins so late is because The European countries were competing with each other to win control of as much of the Americans as possible. Often more than one country claimed the same land. Native Americans already lived in most places the explorers claimed. Spain came to understand that it needed to protect its lands in the Americas form other European nations. Spain also tried to overpower Native American tribes and take their lands. Spain formed colonies to protect its lands and to govern the people there. The difference between the American and the Spanish and French, the Americans helped bring more colonists over after finding gold and silver, others came to start large plantation.

As far as the English colonization beginning so late, it is also due to the fact that England was having domestic affairs of its own. Henry VIII was causing rifts within the church. England was transitioning from a Catholic nation to a nation that would stand independently with it's own religion. Due to conflicts within the country, England could not take the time to turn it's eyes west.

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The English ultimately established a collection of complex and diverse colonies in North America.
Compare and contrast the nature of the colonies that the English established after 1600, making sure to
devote particular attention to the similarities among and differences between at least three of the
following: Virginia, Carolina/Georgia, New York, and New England.

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The 3 colonies that will be compared are Virginia, New York and New England. In Virginia pilgrims settled under royal charter to Virginia Company. The settlers expected profit from gold and crops. The plantation economy was based on crops, mainly tobacco and rice. English tradition formed basis for traditionally English viewpoints about politics, region and economy. In New York the Dutch settled the region followed by swedes, and finally English Quakers. The economy based on small farmers, craftsmen, merchants formed basis of commercial economy .Small businesses relied on indentured servants. The cultural traditions encouraged growth of diverse cultural, economic and social traditions. In New England colonies puritans settled Jamestown, but new colonies were established due to godly community .Economy was based on small farmers and merchants ,family operated farms, did not need slaved because they were family- run businesses. Tradition formed separatist nature of colonies to creating a distinctly American point of view. Similarities between the 3 are businesses financed by private companies expected to produce a profit. The colonists believed themselves to be racially, culturally, and spiritually superior to Native Americans, as well as the slaves they imported from Africa. Each of the colonies developed class distinctions, largely between rich and poor, free and unfree, educated and uneducated. Differences between the 3 are Virginia created a social difference by a socially-stratified society based upon English tradition. Society was bi-racial – white and black. New York developed a highly diverse society based upon many diverse languages, religions, and culture. Society was multi-racial. New England colonies developed an equal society. Society was not based on race. Religious differences were Virginia lived by the Anglican faith. New York practice religious tolerance by accepting beliefs of Quakers, Baptists etc... Finally New England practiced a Calvinist faith.

NEW ENGLAND
The New England colonies were very independent from Britain during the early years but by 1690 they were under a stronger control from the Crown. New England retainsed some control on the lower levels of government. Two levels of government were:
​Central governments, which were representative and responsive to the needs of the majority, and consisted of a governor and bicameral legislature. Officials were annually elected by white, free men who were church members and had sought salvation.
​Local government town meetings where all white male Church members who owned property gathered regularly to consensually decide matters of local importance.
New England's society was
Hierarchical - prominent families owned best land; inequality was God's will.
Homogeneous - mostly white.
Structured around Religious beliefs and values - religion determined social structure and maintained social order in a community where church and state closely related. Calvinist religions thrived throughout New England. In every colony but Rhode Island, civil law required every settler to attend worship services on the Sabbath and every taxpayer to contribute to the support of the clergy.
Characterized by clustered settlements which encouraged the growth of strong vital communities and a rigorous sense of local order.
Composed of four groups: small farmers; craftsmen and merchants; servants; Indians
New England's economy was characterized by:
Small, family run farms and small household manufacturing endeavors. Farmland - typically 100-150 acres per family - consisted of fields adjacent to the clustered dwellings in town.
Self sufficient families who lived in clustered town dwellings .
Small towns surrounded by adjacent fields.
Division of labor. The farm economy was rigidly controlled by division of labor within the family: men were responsible for field work; women were responsible for housework, gardening, dairy, hen house, etc. The reliance upon family farming meant little need for servants or slaves.
Manufacturing and exporting their natural resources
The Southern Colonies in North America were established by Great Britain during the 16th and 17th centuries and consisted of South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland Virginia and Georgia. The colonies were originally instated to compete in the race for colonies in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. They then developed into prosperous colonies that made large profits off of cash crops such as tobacco, indigo dye, and rice. Over time, the region quickly became well known for its high slave population and highly tiered social classes.

CAROLINAS
Province of Carolina, originally chartered in 1629, was an English and later British colony of North America. Because the original charter was unrealized and was ruled invalid, a new charter was issued to a group of eight English noblemen, the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663.
By 1680, the colony had a large export industry of tobacco, lumber, pitch, wine, silk, sugar and olive oil.
In 1691, dissent over the governance of the province led to the appointment of a deputy governor to administer the northern half of Carolina. The division between the northern and southern governments became complete in 1712, but both colonies remained in the hands of the same group of proprietors. A rebellion against the proprietors broke out in 1719 which led to the appointment of a royal governor for South Carolina in 1720. After nearly a decade in which the British government sought to locate and buy out the proprietors, both North and South Carolina became royal colonies in 1729.

GEORGIA
The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 11, 1733
The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by (and named for) King George II.
The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for settlement of the colony, known as the Oglethorpe Plan, which envisioned an agrarian society of yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery. Also seen as a place where debtors, and prisoners could take up residence.
Established by christians, hoping for religious freedom.
In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
In 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a crown colony, with a governor appointed by the king.
Main exports of Georgia were wine, sugar and silk

VIRGINIA
The colonial period in Virginia began in 1607 with the landing of the first English settlers at Jamestown and ended in 1776 with the establishment of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Founded by the Crown, not individuals. Most colonists were Planter's, Slaves, Aristocrats, and Indentured servants. For most of the 1600s, white indentured servants worked the colony's tobacco fields, but by 1705 the Virginia colony had become a slave society.
Main exports were Tobacco and Indigo
Had many troubles with Indian Conflicts
Established a self government with the House of Burgess. In 1619, a General Assembly convened, bringing limited self-government to America.
Although a thriving Indian society had existed for thousands of years before the English arrived, war with the European settlers and the introduction of new diseases for which the Indians had no resistance spelled disaster for it. The English colonists, meanwhile, just barely survived, suffering through summer droughts and winter starvation.

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George Bancroft

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Considered possibly one of the 1st historians in American history, he wrote The History of the United States which was used as a history well after 1834. He has a Whig mentality and is more preoccupied with the legend involved in the history of the U.S. along with preserving the legends associated with them. His historical ideas say that history is providential, a guiding presence of intelligence, that history exhibits progress and that human nature and eternal principles help guide it.

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Bernard Bailyn

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Wrote in the 60's a historical account that began to change the views of how we look at history. He focused on the collective mind of the people in the past and their justifications of their acts in historical events. He believes the colonist believed their was a conspiracy against liberty and that they were children of the enlightenment.

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Beringia

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Beringia is the land bridge/ glacier that formed between northwest North America and the North East Russian area between 25,000 and 75,000 years ago. The first Paleo-Indians entered North America from Siberia across Beringia

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Cahokia

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Is one of the largest known Native American city to have formed in the continental area. It is located in Modern day St. Louis area across the river. It was formed some time between 750 and 1350. It was 6 square miles large and held about 20,000 inhabitants. There is archeological evidence that trading was happing here between these natives and natives in the south. A large steppe pyramid was built and is believed to have been a place of worship.

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Renaissance

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The renaissaince happened between the 14th and 17th centuries in Europe. Spain and Portugal dominated the exploration and colonization up until the 16th century. Science and technology began replacing religions as teh primary shaper of huma nknowledge. This included technological advancements in sails and compasses as well as improvements with science in regards to travel, like mapping the tides. Trade began to flourish on the seas and many of the European countries wanted to develop a stronger trade connection with Asia.