Hst 524 Midterm

Front 1

Who is John Winthrop?

Back 1

Author of the phrase "The City on the Hill"
-Dealt with American exceptionalism

Front 2

Ezra Stiles

Back 2

-Reverend, supporter of Revolution
-Proclaimed God created American exceptionalism

Front 3

Why do Americans regard themeselves as special?

Back 3

Civil, Religious liberty

Front 4

Thomas Paine

Back 4

1776, Common Sense
o Time for American to separate from Europe
o Explained why America needed to revolt

Front 5

• Gordon Wood

Back 5

Wrote book on the radicalism of the American Revolution

Front 6

• Edmund Burke

Back 6

-British Parliament member who claimed the American revolution was conservative
-The Blessings of Liberty was the ideological platform that Americans fought for—not specific enough

Front 7

• First Challenge of the Founders:

Back 7

To define American (as special)

Front 8

• Defining elements of the new country

Back 8

Outbreak from Taxing revolt
Unity-Separation from Europe
Commercial Diplomacy

Front 9

• Robert Walpole

Back 9

Keep free from engagement as long as possible
British Prime Minister

Front 10

• Second Challenge:

Back 10

Define Foreign Policy

Front 11

o XYZ Affair

Back 11

 1797 diplomatic episode that worsened relations between the United States and France

Front 12

o Alien and Sedition Act-Result of the XYZ Affair

Back 12

Limited the number of foreigners
Made it illegal to dissent against government

Front 13

• Third Challenge

Back 13

o Freedom of the Seas, Neutrality Rights

Front 14

• 4th Challenge

Back 14

o Latin American Revolution

Front 15

• Monroe Doctrine

Back 15

Proclaimed European powers should not colonize

Front 16

• Jay Treaty

Back 16

Between US and Britain

Front 17

• The Great Rule

Back 17

No entangling alliances

Front 18

• Three Point of Monroe Doctrine

Back 18

o No new colonization
o No transfer of existing colonies
o No imposition of colonial rules

Front 19

• Frederick Jackson Turner

Back 19

The Significance of the Frontier in American History
• Put into American terms the obsession with Expansionism

Front 20

John O’Sullivan

Back 20

• Manifest Destiny

Front 21

• Manifest Destiny

Back 21

• Expansion necessary if US intended to remain free and independent
• To pursue unilateralism
• Unilateralism must produce an American system of states

Front 22

• Albert K. Winberg

Back 22

8 points to justify expansionism

Front 23

8 points to justify expansionism

Back 23

1. Natural Right – God’s Will
2. Geograhpical Predestination
3. Natural Growth
4. America will gradually take over lands nature assigned to them
5. Due to virtuous industry
6. American growth=strengthens liberty
7. Manifest Destiny
8. Radical Manifest Destinarians

Front 24

• Three Major Themes American Foregin Policy Late 19th Century

Back 24

• Frontier Thesis- Frederick Jackson Turner
• Social Darwinism-Herbert Spencer
• Manifest Destiny

Front 25

• George F. Kennen

Back 25

• The father of the containment policy

Front 26

• Foraker Act 1900-Puerto Rico

Back 26

• established civilian (limited popular) government on the island
• Legal for US to control, but people do not have constitutional protection

Front 27

• Organic Act 1902

Back 27

Phillipines

Front 28

• Truman Doctrine

Back 28

Greece/Turkey
o An American foreign policy designed to contain Communism by giving Greece and Turkey economic aid.

Front 29

• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Back 29

o establishes a system of collective security whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party
o Europeans terrified to live under threat of Russia

Front 30

• Marshall Plan

Back 30

o The primary plan of the United States for rebuilding the allied countries of Europe and repelling communism after World War II.

Front 31

Spanish American War

Back 31

• US, Cuba, Spain, Philippines –Combatants

Front 32

• Maximo Gomez

Back 32

Cuba’s military general in war for independence

Front 33

• The Pact of Zanjón

Back 33

Treaty ended Cuban Ten Year War

Front 34

• McKinley Tariff of 1890

Back 34

o Opened American market to foreign sugars and subsidized domestic producers

Front 35

• Wilson-Garman Tariff Act

Back 35

o Reduced rates set in 1890 McKinley tariff

Front 36

• Captain Valeriano Weyler

Back 36

Spanish Soldier
Established Concentration Camps
Separate population from natural areas
Approximately 200,000 Cubans died in camps
Attempt by Spanish to “quarantine to enemy”

Front 37

• De Lome Letter

Back 37

wrote disparagingly of US President William McKinley

Front 38

• William Randolph Hearst

Back 38

o Yellow Journalism

Front 39

• Sinking of the USS Maine

Back 39

o An explosion sank the American battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor with a loss of 266 men. Evidence as to the cause of the explosion was inconclusive and contradictory. It may have been an accident, or caused by a Spanish or Cuban mine.

Front 40

• Paris Peace Conference

Back 40

o McKinley brought bi-partisan group
o Cuban debt would be absorbed by Spain
o US annexed Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam

Front 41

o Emilio Aguinaldo

Back 41

Led revolt of indigenous Philippines against America

Front 42

• Alfred Thayer Mahan

Back 42

o The Influence of Sea Power upon History: 1660
o Justified dramatic increase in naval force

Front 43

• Henry Cabot Lodge

Back 43

o led the successful fight against American participation in the League of Nations

Front 44

• George Frisbie Hoar

Back 44

o Critic of new American Imperialism—shown in the Spanish-American war

Front 45

• American Anti-Imperialist League

Back 45

o Against taking of Philippines

Front 46

• William Howard Taft

Back 46

o Appointed first colonial civilian governor of Philippines

Front 47

• Insular Cases

Back 47

"Does the Constitution follow the flag?" Essentially, the Supreme Court said that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control.

Front 48

• Jones Act

Back 48

o Ensure Imperialism in Philippines would not be permanent

Front 49

• John Bassett Moore

Back 49

o 1st US judge to serve on the International Court of Justice

Front 50

• Open Door Policy

Back 50

US maintains status quo, did not want territorial possession, just opportunity for trade

Front 51

• Open Door Memo stressed

Back 51

o Commercial freedom
o Preserve Chinese administrative integrity and territory
o Free trade and Competition

Front 52

• Boxer rebellion

Back 52

o Turmoil amongst Chinese against China being controlled by foreign powers and influence
o Another sign of failing Qing Dynasty

Front 53

Russo-Japanese War

Back 53

1st time European country had lost to Asian country

Front 54

• Treaty of Portsmouth

Back 54

o Peace treaty ending Russo-Japanese War
o Teddy Roosevelt moderated—won Nobel Peace Price in 1906 for

Front 55

• Taft -Katsura Agreement

Back 55

o US recognized Japan’s dominant position in Korea if they recognized US control over Philippines

Front 56

• Root-Takahira Agreement

Back 56

o US recognized Pacific status quo

Front 57

• Lansing-Ishii Agreement

Back 57

o US recognized Japan’s position in Asia
o Japan took Pacific Islands previously held by Germany
o US claimed it was a “thank you” for their help in WWI

Front 58

• Shantung Providence

Back 58

given to Japan for their help in WWI

Front 59

• League of Nations committee brought up the issue of racial equality

Back 59

o William Hughes-Australian Prime Minister and Lord Robert Cecil-Britain voted against having racial equality

Front 60

• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Back 60

o Signed in 1850 by US and UK
o Agreement that both nations were not to colonize or control any Central American Republic

Front 61

Ferdinand de Lesseps

Back 61

o French diplomat and maker of Suez Canal
o Wanted to repeat his success and build a lockless version

Front 62

• Philippe Bunau-Varilla

Back 62

o Wanted to think of a reason to separate Panama from Colombia
o Engineered a phony revolution in Panama

Front 63

Two treaties passed dealing with canal

Back 63

o Joint Control until end of 1999
o Neutrality Treaty—US would immediately take control of Canal if War/Conflict broke out

Front 64

• Roosevelt Corollary 1904

Back 64

o President Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine in which he asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American nations.

Front 65

o Daniel Ortega

Back 65

Sandinistas
Nicaragua

Front 66

• Haiti

Back 66

Dr. Francios Duvielicz-“Popa Doc”
^Son, Jean-Claude—“Baby Doc”

Front 67

• Key role in upgrading US navy

Back 67

o Philander Knox
o William Sims
o *Alfred T Mahan *

Front 68

• Roosevelt vs. Woodrow Wilson

Back 68

o Balance of Power vs. Rule of Law
o Roosevelt—Realist, Wilson—Legal Framework

Front 69

• Theodore Roosevelt wanted to “flex the American muscle”

Back 69

o Sent White fleet around the world—14 month tour

Front 70

o Franz Ferdinand

Back 70

(Archduke of Austria)
Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip

Front 71

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Back 71

o Led US to join war
o A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships without warning

Front 72

• Sinking of the Lusitaniana

Back 72

o British ocean liner that held weapons and explosives

Front 73

• Zimmerman Telegram

Back 73

o Instructed ambassador to approach the Mexican government with a proposal to form military alliance against the US

Front 74

Paris Peace Conference

Back 74

Woodrow Wilson (US)
David Lloyd George (Britain)
George Clemenceau (France)
Vitoria Orlando (Italy)
• Known as “Big 4”

Front 75

• Charles Coughlin

Back 75

o Catholic Priest/radio journalist
o Nervous about Roosevelt dealings
o Turned on FDR, saying he wasn’t liberal enough

Front 76

o Dawes Plan

Back 76

American banker cam up with idea to reconstruct debt payment

Front 77

o Young Plan—1929

Back 77

Reduced reparation payment to $9 billion

Front 78

o 1934—US Johnson Debt Default Act

Back 78

Countries that defaulted on loans will not be given new loans

Front 79

• Kellogg-Briand Pact

Back 79

o Secretary of State—Frank Kellogg
o Briand—French Prime Minister
o “Providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy”
o Made War Illegal

Front 80

• Washington Naval Conference

Back 80

o Dealt w/ Naval Disarmament

Front 81

• 5-5-3-1.75-1.75

Back 81

• US, Great Brittan, Japan, France Italy

Front 82

• London Naval Conference

Back 82

o Dealt with use of submarines

Front 83

• 1921-1941 THEMES

Back 83

o Disarmament—Proved weak in maintaining peace
o League Membership probably would not have prevented WWII
o Framework of International Law would not secure peace
o US learned hard lessons about global responsibilities
o Isolationism as form of peace was not good enough

Front 84

• Hideki Tojo

Back 84

o General in Imperialist Japanese Army
o Prime Minister of Japan prior to Pearl Harbor

Front 85

• Anschluss

Back 85

o Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by Nazi Regime

Front 86

• Munich Agreement

Back 86

o The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further.

Front 87

• William Edgar Borah

Back 87

o Proclaimed there wouldn’t be a war
o "The Lion of Idaho."

Front 88

• Lend-Lease

Back 88

o US supplied Great Britain , USSR, China, France, etc. with vast amounts of war material between 1941-1945

Front 89

• Gerald Nye

Back 89

Nye headed an investigation of the munitions industry

Front 90

• Burke-Wadsworth Act 1940

Back 90

o First Peace time draft, men 21-35 registered

Front 91

• The Atlantic Charter—1941

Back 91

o Roosevelt/Churchill—Joint declaration on the purposed of war against Fascism