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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mansa Musa
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King of Mali; 1307-1332; gets his own place on the atlas holding gold in his hands; demonstrates that the gold of Africa is in the center; sparks Prince Henry's zeal and exploration driving him to sail around the Ottoman Empire rather than facing battle
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Prester John
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myth told of a Christian patriarch and king who was said to rule over a Christian kingdom in Africa in the midst of the Muslims and pagans; Portugese strategize about meeting up with him to size up the Muslims to the East; with the help of these allies, Portugese could conquer and convert the surrounding Muslims highlighting a path to the East for trade
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sublimis deus
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issued by Pope Paul III in 1537 announcing that any human has the capacity to convert to Christianity; Indians are not to be deprived of their freedoms regardless of their state of Christianity, no longer required to read Encomienda aloud when conquering and Indian people
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inter caetera
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papal bull issued by Alexander VI granting exploration to the Spanish and the Portugese provided that they Christianize as they go; attempt to moderate interactions by granting right of access to trade
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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1440 has access to Portugese royal revenues; sponsors a number of explorations and starts a school of navigation; wants to put Portugal on the map by dominating at sea so that they may replace the Muslim middlemen of the on land trade routes to the East
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Zheng He
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Chinese admiral in imperial navy voyages 1405-1433 who sailed around Africa and Asia from China well ahead of the Europeans; impressive scale of technology, much larger than Columbus' ships; demonstrates an essential difference in motive from the Europeans who had alterior religious motivations as well as economic; Chinese more inward than expansive
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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diplomatic agreement that divides up the globe after the inter caetera; Portugal had previously been granted a monopoly on the trade routes but the pope is Spanish and redefines the monopoly; does not yet divide the New World which is technically belonging to the Spanish as it is in the middle of the ocean; line is drawn through the middle of India and the middle of the Ocean
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Encomienda
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document granting right of conquest to European conquistadors who are required to read it to the natives saying that as long as they submit to the Spanish throne and religion, they will be kept safe, otherwise, the Spanish may do with them as they please and it will be their fault
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saigerhutten
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new technology related to the mining boom in Germany in the late Middle Ages; particular type of oven that would melt the fused copper and silver and add in lead to bind to the silver and release the copper as the lead then melted at a lower temperature; problems with devaluation, both silver and copper are used as a byproduct beneficial to the economy, large market for kitchen utensils to church bells to artillery; Germans will introduce techniques into the new world
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Valladolid Conference
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convened to answer the primary question: is it lawful for the King of Spain to wage war on the Indians before preaching the faith to them in order to subject them to his rule so that afterward they may be more easily instructed in the faith? 1550-1551; debates between Las Casas and Sepulveda
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Albert of Hohenzollern
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acquires position of Archbishop of Mainz, corruption and simony invloved as he already held two bishoprics, leading candidate will have to pay off the pope, Fugger family fincances his office, in order to pay them back Pope Leo grants him the right to sell indulgences, half of the profits go back to the Fugger family and the other half go to Rome as annates
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annates
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raising of funds by sending money from the locality to central location
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"Divine Art of Printing"
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something is different and perhaps miraculous about the art of printing; type was made to duplicate handwriting faster, connections with already growing literacy rates and the growing middle class who have time off for leisure; printing press advances this market; books of all kind-popular literature, poetry, romance, architecture, religion, usefulness, psalters; affects scholarship, education and the spread of new ideas
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Behaim's globe
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predates Columbus demonstrating that C was not the first to suggest that the world was round; the unknown was the number of sections of water between Europe and Asia, there were many series of islands around India that they knew of from their land trading; Columbus keeps bad records and conveniently forgets the proper mile conversions so still difficult to know how much water there was but he hits land six weeks after setting sail
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Cape of Good Hope
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that we will one day reach India according to God's good graces; by 1487, Portugese have reached the bottom of Africa, by 1498, the Western coast of India
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Las Casas
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Spanish explorer who experiences an enlightenment conversion experience and enters the religious order becoming a missionary to the Indians; lobbies against new laws in Spain; argues at the Valladolid conference for the dignity and humanity of the Indians
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Sepulveda
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asserts that Indians are barbarous and it is our duty to free them from bondage by sharing the truth of Christianity; it is first necessary to subdue them by waging war so that they will then obey
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de re metallica
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standard book on Saxon docrtine for mining published by Agricola a humanist who Latinized his name, 1550s; on metal things, later translated by the Hoover couple as it is still the most authoritative source on mining in the 20th century
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Fugger family
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Augsburg famous banking family invest in these German mines gaining tremendous amounts of wealth and powerful among the Habsburgs; imperial bankers for the papacy, prominent in early episodes of the Protestand Reformation
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T-O Map
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oriented eastward; sense of division, cultural differneces, named for Noah's three sons, Christian origins, not used for navigations or accuracy
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Erasmus
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northern humanist; 1466-1536; citizen of the world, lives in Holland but moves around a lot; exceedingly smart but does not have any formal degrees which causes some insecurity, illegitimate son of a priest, education with the Brethren of the Common Life, leaves the monastery, studies classical as well as early church fathers, urges a return to simple Christianity away from the abundance of rituals, vita contemplativa
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Brethren of Common Life
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emerges independently of humans, not a clerical movement, withdrew from society but took no vows and lived a common life, focal point was Thomas Kempis, emphasis on personal simplified spirituality
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Thomas Kempis
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key figure of B of CL, writes treaties on the imitation of Christ, looked to classics, advocates mystical personal simplified Christianity
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Lorenzo Valla
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argued that Jerome was a good theologian but not a good Latinist, influential for his annotations on the NT, understood history of Latin recognizing differences from the classical to the vernacular, Italian humanist, ad fontes
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Reuchlin
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interested in getting back to the source, ad fontes, proposed that Hebrew needed to be understood for the purpose of Christianity; fair amount of anti-Semitism breeds controversy; this affair would have been huge had Martin Luther not stolen the attention of the church fathers
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Complutensian Polygot
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first printed polygot of the entire Bible commissioned by Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros (Alcala) containing side by side translations in various languages of the text; five volumes long, not a critical edition, revival of spirituality to renew the church, high powered scholarly body to create a Bible though it is not a critical edition; Vulgate has been called into question which is a threat to the traditions of the church
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Encomium Moriae
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Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, the speaker is folly, a Greek supernatural force who talks about who he is, suggests that Mary is more significant than Jesus, mocking the political and religious figures of the day; also in praise of More, written while Erasmus was at his house; actually funny because of all the classicsl references
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Julius Exclusis
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at least in the style of Erasmus; straightforward; Julius the warrior pope successfully kicks French out of Italy and wears the papal armor; dialogue between Julius and Peter, he is exluded from Heaven, key of power will not get you in the gate; Erasmus is concerned about papal authority on the eve of Martin Luther
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Wycliffe and Huss
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make similar arguments to Luther but he never read them; calls us to ask what it is about the time and place that gives Luther's ideas retention; authorities were able to contain the Hussites
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Fifth Lateran Council
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1512-1517; called by Julius II for political reasons, people who attended were interested in real spiritual matters and prayed that God would give the clergy the strength to restore the church to ancient splendor and purity; decrees mandating qualified bishops and forbidding simony, heresy, and clerical concubinage
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