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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the ovary surface, ova, background stroma & sex cords, and granulosa & theca cells embryologically derived from?
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Ovary surface: coelomic epithelium. Ova: Primordial germ cells. Background stroma & sex cords: Mesenchym. Granulasa & theca cells: Mesenchyme.
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What is an ovarian follicular cyst? When does it occur? What are the SSx? What is the difference btnj a cystic follicle & a follicular cyst?
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Solitary follicle cysts which enlarge w/o producing functional ovum; Common during menarche & menopause (when cycles are irreg); Pelvic pain, torsion (venous infarction), Cystic follicle: <2cm; Follicular cyst: >2cm
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Clear, fluid-filled space w/ inner granulosa & outer theca layers
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Cystic follicle (if <2cm) or follicular cyst (if >2cm)
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Anovulation, Infertility, Obesity, Hirsuitism, Acne, NIDDM, HTN, Ovarian sclerocystic change
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PCOS
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__ __ gives rise to epithelial carcinomas. __ __ __ give rise to germ cell tumors. __ gives rise to sex cord & stromal tumors.
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Coelomic epithelium; Primordial germ cells; Mesenchyme
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What is the most common type of ovarian tumor?
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Ovarian epithelial neoplasms; 85% of tumors
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Where are they located and what is the pathogenesis?
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Located w/in the parenchyma; Arise via ovulation: surface breaks heal & include surface epithelium inside ovarian parenchyma, followed by metaplasia of tissue (serous, mucinous, endometrioid, transitional types)
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What are the ovarian epithelial neoplasm cell types in progression from benign to borderline (low malignant potential) to malignant
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Serous (tubal), Mucinous, Endometrioid, Clear cell, Transitional
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What is the most common type of ovarian epithelial tumor?
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Serous (30%)
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Serous ovarian neoplasms: __lateral, __ bodies, [benign/borderline/carcinoma], may spread diffusely throughout __
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Often bilateral; Psammoma bodies; Can be any; Abdomen
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Mucinous ovarian tumors contain __ or __-type epithelium, with the __ type being more aggressive. It is a borderline tumor that is nearly always __. It is a __-grade carcinoma & can be mimicked by metastasis from __.
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endocervical, enteric-type, enteric,benign, low, appendix/ colon
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Pseudomyxoma peritonei
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Mucinous tumor of the ovary
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What is the appearance of endometrioid ovarian tumors? Are they benign, borderline, or carcinoma? __ & __ endometrial carcinoma often occur together.
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Uterine endometrial carcinoma; benign & borderline; Ovarian & uterine
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What is the benign form of transitional cell ovarian tumors? How are the borderline/proliferative forms cured by? The carcinoma form is rare & resembles __ carcinoma.
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Brenner tumor; Ovarian excision; Bladder
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Mesenchyme gives rise to __ & __ tumors.
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sex cord, stromal
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What are sex cords? What do they give rise to in females and males and both sexes?
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Embryonic tissues which produce the gonadal stroma; Females: granulosa & theca cells (1y estrogen producing cells of the ovary); Males: Sertoli & Leydig cells (T producing cells in testes); Both: background stroma composed of fibroblasts
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What are the sex cord stromal tumors in females, males, and both sexes?
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Females: Granulosa Cell tumors, Thecomas; Males: Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors; Both: Fibromas
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What is a functional sex cord stromal tumor? What are the side effects of functional ovarian tumors?
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Produces sex hormones & the clinical effects of hyperestrinism (abn uterine bleeding in post-menopausal women) & hypertestosteronism (loss of female 2y sex characteristics, hirsuitism, balding, breast atrophy, voice deepening, amenorrhea).
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What are 3 functional sex cord stromal tumors & what do they produce?
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Granulosa cell tumors & Thecomas: estrogen
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: testosterone |
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What is a granulosa cell tumor? What are the SSx & differentials? How is it treated?
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Rare tumor seen chiefly in post-menopausal women; Hyperestrinism: abn uterine bleeding, which may indicate endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. Surgery is usually curative, but it can metastasize
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What are sex cords? What do they give rise to in females and males and both sexes?
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Embryonic tissues which produce the gonadal stroma; Females: granulosa & theca cells (1y estrogen producing cells of the ovary); Males: Sertoli & Leydig cells (T producing cells in testes); Both: background stroma composed of fibroblasts
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Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
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Rare tumors seen in young women (25yo); 30% are virilizing w/ elevated serum testosterone, remainder have no hormonal effects; May be poorly differentiated; Poor prognosis at an advanced stage
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What are the sex cord stromal tumors in females, males, and both sexes?
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Females: Granulosa Cell tumors, Thecomas; Males: Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors; Both: Fibromas
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Post-menopausal woman; Elevated estrogen; Abn uterine bleeding & possibly endometrial hyperplasia & carcinoma
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Thecoma
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What is a functional sex cord stromal tumor? What are the side effects of functional ovarian tumors?
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Produces sex hormones & the clinical effects of hyperestrinism (abn uterine bleeding in post-menopausal women) & hypertestosteronism (loss of female 2y sex characteristics, hirsuitism, balding, breast atrophy, voice deepening, amenorrhea).
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__ tumors are often mixed w/ fibromas
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Thecoma
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What are 3 functional sex cord stromal tumors & what do they produce?
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Granulosa cell tumors & Thecomas: estrogen
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: testosterone |
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What is the most common ovarian stromal tumor? Is it benign or malignant? What age group is this typically seen in & what is it ofen combined with?
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Ovarian fibroma; Benign is most common, but malignant variants may occur (=fibrosarcoma); Middle age, thecomas
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What is a granulosa cell tumor? What are the SSx & differentials? How is it treated?
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Rare tumor seen chiefly in post-menopausal women; Hyperestrinism: abn uterine bleeding, which may indicate endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. Surgery is usually curative, but it can metastasize
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What is the common origin of germ cell tumors? What 4 lineages can it differentiate into?
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Totipotent germ cell; Embryo: teratoma; Placenta: choriocarcinoma; Extraembryonic membranes: Yolk sac tumor; Germ cells: dysgerminoma (females) & seminoma (males)
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Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor
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Rare tumors seen in young women (25yo); 30% are virilizing w/ elevated serum testosterone, remainder have no hormonal effects; May be poorly differentiated; Poor prognosis at an advanced stage
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What is the most common germ cell tumor? What age group is it seen in? What germ cell layers are represented? How is it treated? How can it be dx?
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Mature teratoma (dermoid); Reproductive age women; All 3 layers represented: mature endoderm, ectoderm, & mesoderm; Benign tumors are tx by surgery; Can be dx radiologically by presence of bone or teeth
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Post-menopausal woman; Elevated estrogen; Abn uterine bleeding & possibly endometrial hyperplasia & carcinoma
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Thecoma
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How can malignancy in teratomas occur?
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1. Malignant transformation of mature teratoma (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, etc. 2. Immature (& malignant) tissues rather than mature (embryonic tissues)
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__ tumors are often mixed w/ fibromas
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Thecoma
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What is the prognosis of malignant teratomas?
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Very aggressive tumors, w/ poor prognosis
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What is the most common ovarian stromal tumor? Is it benign or malignant? What age group is this typically seen in & what is it ofen combined with?
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Ovarian fibroma; Benign is most common, but malignant variants may occur (=fibrosarcoma); Middle age, thecomas
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What is the most common malignant germ cell tumor in reproductive age women? What is the prognosis? What is the male counterpart called?
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Dysgerminoma; Very txable w/ surgery & radiation; Seminoma
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What is the common origin of germ cell tumors? What 4 lineages can it differentiate into?
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Totipotent germ cell; Embryo: teratoma; Placenta: choriocarcinoma; Extraembryonic membranes: Yolk sac tumor; Germ cells: dysgerminoma (females) & seminoma (males)
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What is the marker for yolk sac tumors/endodermal sinus tumor? Where is it most commonly seen? What is the prognosis?
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alpha fetoprotein; male testis; aggressive
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What is the most common germ cell tumor? What age group is it seen in? What germ cell layers are represented? How is it treated? How can it be dx?
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Mature teratoma (dermoid); Reproductive age women; All 3 layers represented: mature endoderm, ectoderm, & mesoderm; Benign tumors are tx by surgery; Can be dx radiologically by presence of bone or teeth
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How can malignancy in teratomas occur?
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1. Malignant transformation of mature teratoma (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, etc. 2. Immature (& malignant) tissues rather than mature (embryonic tissues)
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What is the prognosis of malignant teratomas?
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Very aggressive tumors, w/ poor prognosis
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What is the most common malignant germ cell tumor in reproductive age women? What is the prognosis? What is the male counterpart called?
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Dysgerminoma; Very txable w/ surgery & radiation; Seminoma
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What is the marker for yolk sac tumors/endodermal sinus tumor? Where is it most commonly seen? What is the prognosis?
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alpha fetoprotein; male testis; aggressive
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A choriocarcinoma resembles __ tissue & is usually seen in the __ related to a current or recent __ (__ choriocarcinoma). What if it is found in the ovary?
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placental; uterus; pregnancy; gestational; In ovary: nongestational choriocarcinoma
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What is the serum marker for choriocarcinoma? What is this marker the same for?
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Beta-hCG, same as nl pregnancy
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What is the prognosis of choriocarcinoma in the ovary?
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Agressive, with poor response to chemotherapy
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