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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What consist of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
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Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, mouth, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi (lobar), bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
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What consist of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
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Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
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What are the three layers of olfractory epithelium?
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Bottom to top
1.) Basal cells 2.) Sustentacular cells 3.) Olfactory cells |
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Where can you find olfractory epithelium?
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Superior part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
and the same area of the nasal septum, and roof of the nasal cavity |
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In which structures of respiratory system will you see cartilage?
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Before the bronchioles
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What is another name for respiratory epithelium?
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with ciliar and goblet cells
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Why are there lots of venus sinus in the nose?
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Venus sinus is just a collection of tiny veins that are lined by the endothelium to warm and moist the air enter the nose
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What are bowman's gland?
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Serous glands in the CT region
Functions: 1.) moisten surface of the olfactory epithelium in order to dissolve and wash away odorants |
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What is the epithelium found in nasopharynx?
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Respiratory epithelium
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What is the epithelium found in oropharynx and laryngopharynx?
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Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous, because that area is subjected to mechanical abrasion
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What are swell bodies?
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An excess of venous sinuses that can engorged with blood and can cause the nose to occlude
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What are some distinguishing features of naso-, oro-, or laryngo-pharynx?
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Naso - respiratory
Oro - respiratory to non-keratinized stratified squamous Laryngo - nonkeratinized stratified squamous with cartilage |
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What is the epithelium of the laryngel side of the epiglottis?
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Respiratory epithelium
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How to distinguish trachea on a transverse cut?
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Look for the repating pattern of small plates of hyaline cartilage (cross sections of the 'C' rings), subsets of them
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Epiglottis contains...
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Elastic cartilage
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Larynx vs. trachea
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The larynx has large plates of cartilage deep to the respiratory epithelium
The trachea contains smaller plates of cartilages (still hyaline) |
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What is the epithelium of the oral (lingual) side?
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Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous
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What type of collagen is in elastic cartilage?
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Type II collagen
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What is the epithelium covering the true vocal cord?
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Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous
Designed to withstand and respond to the abrasive nature of rapidly moving air that occurs during speech and coughing |
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What are the characteristics of true vocal cord (vocal fold)?
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1.) nonkeratinized stratified squamous
2.) skeletal muscle 3.) elastic fibers |
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What are the characteristics of the false vocal cord (vestibular fold)?
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1.) respiratory epithelium
2.) mixed seromucous glands |
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Distinguishing features of trachea?
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C-shaped band of hyaline cartilage surrounding most of the lumen
Respiratory epithelium Smooth muscle band in the posterior aspect of the trachea near the two ends of the hyaline cartilage |
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Where is the tracheal 'C' rings of cartilage opening? (anteriorly or posteriorly?)
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Posteriorly
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What is the epithelium of esophagus?
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Stratified squamous
1.) keratinized in embryo 2.) non-keratinized after birth |
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How do distinguish between trachea and bronchus?
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Trachea has complete 'C' cartilage whereas bronchus has incomplete 'C' cartilage on a transverse cut
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How do distinguish between bronchus and bronchiole?
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Bronchus has cartilage, bronchiole does not
Bronchiole also has cuboidal epithelium Bronchus has respiratory |
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What are some distinguishing features of bronchus?
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Seromucous glands and dense irregular connective tissue between and surrounding the hyaline cartilage plates
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How to distinguish between terminal bronchiole and respiratory bronchiole?
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Look for the direct branching into 2 respiratory bronchiole, represents the regions of transition between the conduction and respiratory portion of the respiratory system
Both have simple cuboidal |
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How do you distinguish bt Type I and Type 2 pneumocytes?
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Type 1 light center, type 2 darker center
Type 1 squamous shape, type 2 more cuboidal shape |
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What are the 5 layers of blood-air barrier?
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Air to blood
1.) Surfactant 2.) Type I pneumocytes 3.) Fused basal lamina 4.) Endothelium of capillary 5.) RBC |
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How to distinguish betwewen Type II pneumocytes and dust cells (aka alveolar macrophages)
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Both have sorta dark nucleus, but dust cells have a more darly staining cytoplasm
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What are the three layers of the heart? (outer to inner)
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Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
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Which layer of the heart is adipose tissue associated with?
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Epicardium
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What kinda of junctions connect the Purkinje fibers?
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Gap junctions
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What is the cardiac skeleton composed of?
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Dense CT
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What is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton?
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Surrounds each valve and serves as an attachment site to cardiac muscle
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What are the characteristics of Tunica intima?
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Single endothelial layer, BL
Delineate by endothelial cells and inner elastic lamina (IEL) |
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What are the characteristics of Tunica media?
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Helically arranged SM cells with elastin and Type III collagen. Anywhere from 1-40 layers of SM
Delineated by IEL and OEL, with IEL considered as part of the tunica intima |
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What are the characteristics of Tunica adventitia?
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Type I collagen and elastic fibers
SM (longitudinal) are present in large veins |
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What is vasa vasorum?
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Arteries that supply to bigger arteries
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What is the largest tunica in a artery?
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Tunica media
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What is the largest tunica in vein?
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Tunica adventitia
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Tunica intima characteristics in conducting artery?
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Single layer of endothelial cells, longitudinally oriented CT, fibers, fibroblast, and SM
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Tunica media characteristics in conducting artery?
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Concentrically oriented elastic fibers
Area between elastic fibers is occupied by SM cells, usually >40 layers of cells |
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Tunica adventita characteristics in conductin artery?
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Thin, contains collagen, elastic fibers, and vasa vasorum, and adipose tissue
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Where are vasa vasorum located in large veins and arteries?
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Tunica adventitia
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How to distinguish between muscular artery and arterioles?
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Muscular artery has IEL and ELE w SM in between
Arterioles only has a thin tunica and a small tunica media, no IEL and OEL |
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Fact: Lots of elastic fibers around pulmonary artery
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To accommodate the expansion and contraction associated with respiration
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How to distinguish between Arterioles and capillaries?
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Arterioles: highest muscle to lumen ratio, a few layers of SM
Capillaries: no SM, 1 RBC in diameter, only 1 to several endothelial cells in diameter |
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How to distinguish between venules and small veins?
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Both has several endothelial cell in diameter, no SM
But small veins have bigger diameter, using RBC to measure |
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How to distinguish between venules and capillaries?
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Very similar, but venules are bigger
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What are the three types of capillaries?
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Continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous
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What kinda of capillaries are sinusoids?
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Discontinuous
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How do you distinguish between a vein and artery?
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SM muscle (cross sections) in the tunica adventital layer of the veins
Only Type I collagen and elastic fibers found in arteries |
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How to distinguish between lymphatic vessels and veins?
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Lymphatic vessels no tunica media or SM, often contain lymph, a pink cellular material with no RBCs
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T or F: lymphatic valves are composed of small amount of CT and extend into the lumen of the lymphatic vessels
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True
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What are the three types of lymphoid tissue?
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unencapsulated
incompletely encapsulated encapsulated |
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what are the cells of the lymphatic system? (motile and fixed)
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Motile - lymphocytes and macrophages
Fixed - epithelial reticular cells and plasma cells |
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What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
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Tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and the thymus
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What does unecapsulated mean?
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No CT surrounding
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Which one stains lighter? primary or secondary lymphatic nodules?
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Secondary - also called germinal center
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Fun fact: Germinal centers = less basophilic
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the area has been subjected to the presence of the foreign antigens
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What lymphatic structure(s) are incompletely encapsulated?
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Tonsils
Palatine Pharyngeal Lingual |
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How many crypts do each of the following has?
Palatine Pharyngeal Lingual |
Palatine - many
Pharyngeal - none Lingual - one |
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What are the 3 features of tonsils?
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Epithelium
CT Nodules |
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What is the epithelium of the palatine and lingual tonsils?
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Non-keratinized stratified squamous eppithelium
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What is the epithelium of pharyngeal tonsil?
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Respiratory aka
Psuedostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cell |
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What lymphatic structure(s) are completely encapsulated?
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Lymph nodes
Thymus Spleen |
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Fun fact: sinuses direct and slow the flow of lymph through the node
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Different types of sinuses:
subscapsular - below CT trabecular - pierces through the cortex cortical medullary - in the medulla |
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What kind of cells contained in the following parts of the lymph nodes?
Cortex Paracortex |
Cortex - contain lymphocytes that contain B-cells
Paracortex - between cortex and medulla, contains mostly T-cells |
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How to distinguish medullary sinsuses from medullary cords?
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Sinuses - light
Cords - dark |
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Which section of the lymph nodes has nodule? (medulla or cortex?)
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Cortex
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What does lymph nodes has that no other lymphatic structure has?
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Afferent lymphatic vessels
Everything (including node) has efferent |
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Fun fact: there are reticular fibers all over the lymph node, especially in the CT capsules
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produced by reticular cells
type III collagen |
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What is the function of thymus?
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Site of T-cell education and maturation
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Tell me something about the medulla of the thymus
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Only one, all medullary areas are connected
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What does the cortex of the thymus contain? and where do they come from?
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Maturing lymphocytes (t-cell)
Bone marrow, macrophages |
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What does the medulla of the thymus contain? and where do they come from?
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Fewer immunocompetent t-cells and more epithelial reticular cells
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What are Hassall's corpuscles in the thymus?
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Increase with age, consist of concentrically arranged, flatten, keratinized epithelial reticular cells
Function unknown |
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What is the function of spleen?
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Filter of blood, not of lymph
with only efferent lymphatic vessels It's important in the removal of microorganisms that invade the circulation and old RBCs and platelets |
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How is the spleen separated and describe them?
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White pulp and red pulp
White pulp - contains secondary nodules, randomly distributed in the spleen, same as other lymphatic tissues Red pulp - all other areas that surround/between the nodules, also the site where crappy RBCs are pulled from the circulation |
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What is a central artery surrounded by?
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periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS), a roughly cylindrical aggregation of lymphocytes
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What is the oder of the vessels through which blood flows into and out of the spleen?
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Arteriole supply:
splenic trabecular central penicillar arterioles sheathed capillaries terminal arterial capillaries splenic sinus |
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What arteries enter into the red pulp?
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penicillar artery
-penicillar arterioles -sheathed arteriole -terminal arterial capillary |
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Fun fact:
Germinal center - B cells Mantle zone - surrounding center, dark Marginal zone - surrounding mantle zone |
All unique in only spleen
All make up of the white pulp |
