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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Racism |
Set of attitudes and behaviours that can be found among a population in which social groups are identified, separate, treated as inferior or superior and given differential access to power and other valued resources |
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Ethnicity |
A common history, language and set of rituals shared by a group of people to create a common identity |
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Culture |
A common heritage or set of beliefs, norms and values that have been learned and adopted by a group of people; You can have multiple cultural identities |
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Acculturation |
Adoption of elements of the dominant culture and society by minority groups |
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Refugee |
A person who out of fear or persecution for many reasons does not or is unable to remain in their country of nationality |
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Idioms of distress |
People of different ethnocultural background often have particular ways of experiencing, expressing and coping with emotional distress |
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Culture-bound syndrome |
Combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture
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Colonization |
European nations built colonies on other continents; to get resources and extend the power of imperialism |
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3 Types of Aboriginals in Canada, describe them and their overall percentage |
4% 1) First nations: Tseshaht = west coast of van island;whalers and fisher Kainai = near rocky mountains; buffalo Moose Cree = largest group in Canada 2) Inuit: northern dwelling; 'eskimo' 3) Metis: union of European and Aboriginal peoples |
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Residential Schools |
Main objective was the abandonment of 'indian' culture; the last school wasn't closed down until 1996 |
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Cultural Safety |
A term used to emphasize the vulnerability of individuals receiving treatment in a health care system run by a dominant or colonizing culture --> many people feel unsafe due to lack of respect for their cultural identity |
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Decolonization |
Where colonized people reclaim their traditional culture, redefine themselves as a people and reassert their distinct identity; a suggested way of healing for Aboriginal peoples in Canada |
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What are the 3 things older adults can pass along to younger generations?
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Wisdom, life experience and love |
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Ageist |
Prejudice and discrimination on the basis of people's age |
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Elder Abuse |
Abuse against older adults that may include being pressure, bullied, mislead, swindled or neglected |
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5 stages on how we respond to the knowledge of our impending death |
1) Denial - this can't be happening to me 2) Anger - why me? its not fair 3) Bargaining - I'll do anything for more time 4) Depression - I'm so sad, why bother 5) Acceptance - it's going to happen, prepare |
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When a cure is not possible...? |
The primary goal of health care must be to relieve suffering |
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Dementia |
A clinical syndrome characterized by general and irreversible loss of mental capabilities, such as memory, reasoning, judgment and communication
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Alzheimer's Disease |
The most common cause of dementia; associated with structural changes to the brain |
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Plaques |
Small, dense deposits that accumulate in the spaces between brain cells; characteristic of Alzheimer's |
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Tangles |
Twister strands of protein that are found within brain cells; characteristic of Alzheimer's |
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Vascular dementias |
Develop as a result of repeated losses of brain cells when blood vessels in the brain are damaged as cause an interference with the supply of oxygen to brain cells |
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What can slow Alzheimers? |
Cholinesterase inhibitors |
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What are some ways to help individuals with dementia manage memory difficulties?
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1) Diminish stress and distraction 2) Provide orienting information and avoid challenging questions 3) Instill a regular routine 4) Use of memory aids Ex: lists |
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Crisis |
Limited periods of upset in the psychological functioning of individuals, precipitated by current exposure to environmental stressors which appear to be turning points in the development of mental disorder |
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Coping Model |
Concerned with the way people deal with life challenges and how they overcome obstacles to achieve their goals |
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Coping |
Finding ways to accomplish goals despite obstacles and challenges |
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Coping strategies |
A set of cognitive and behavioural skills and approaches used to meet goals and needs |
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Maslow's Hierachy of Needs |
1) Self-acutalization: fulfillment 2) Esteem: achievement 3) Love/ Belonging 4) Safety 5) Physiological needs |
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Histronic Coping Style |
Dramatic, highly expressive, attention-seeking and impulsive |
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Obessessive-Compulsive coping style |
Reserved, high need to organize and control situation and will focus on a narrow range of concerns in a persistent manner |
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Mental Health Crisis |
-A person's illness may leave them with a weakened coping ability making them more vulnerable to experience crisis; illness itself may by a source of stress -Stressful situation may exaggerate the symptoms of the illness
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Mental Health Act |
A piece of legislation that regulates involuntary transportation and admission to psychiatric services for individuals suspected of suffering from mental illness |
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Community treatment order |
Requires the individual to accept specific treatment or support in the community for a specified period of time |
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Withdrawal management |
Services that primarily address the physical health problems that people experience when they are going through withdrawal from psychoactive substances
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The Suicidal Emergency |
1) Level of suicide risk assessed 2) Help the person become less suicidal 3) Strengthen the individuals coping mechanisms |
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Suicidal thoughts occur when the person feel their life is: |
1) Intolerable: life situation is so painful that is seems unbearable 2) Interminable: seems like its going to go on forever 3) Inescapable: seems like nothing they're tried has changed or will change their experience |
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The Psychotic Emergency |
An individual is experiencing a severe disturbance of the capacity to distinguish reality and to think in a rational manner
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Exposure Therapy |
Most effective cure for PTSD; the individual is safely led in a structured way to gradually re-experience aspects of that frightening event |
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Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) |
Individuals are brought together to talk about the event |
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Three stages of disaster response |
1) Preparedness: advance planning and preparation of actions 2) Response: period immediately following disaster, re-establishment of safety, confidence, etc. 3) Recovery: the extended period following the disaster |
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Psychopharmacotherapy |
Use of medications in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms, first began with chlorpromazine(antipsychotic medication) |
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'Off label' |
Medications prescribed that have not been approved by Health Canada |
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Side-effects of 'off-label' medication |
1) Extrapyramidal symptoms: movement disorders that develop as a results of the inhibition of dopamine 2) Tardive dyskinesia: unusual involuntary movements 3) Oculogyric crisis: fixed upward stare of the eyes |
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What are specific forms of extrpyramidal symptoms? |
-dystonia: muscle spasms resulting in distorted or twisted body positions -akathisia: restlessness and inability to sit still -parkinsonism: slowed movement, stiff posture, and emotionless facial expressions |
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Agranulocytosis |
Dangerously low level of WBC's that increase the risk for life-threatening infections as a major side effect of clozapine, a second-generation antipsychotic medication |
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Antidepressant medication |
-Used to treat mood and anxiety disorders -1st group: tricyclic antidepressents; not prescribed much due to side- effects and lethality in overdosage -Most frequently prescribed now are SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
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Mood stabalizers |
-Treats bipolar disorder -Helps control abnormally high mood states -Lithium carbonate |
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Sedatives |
-Cause drowsiness -Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used to treat anxiety or agitation |
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Substitution therapy |
Replacing of illicit drugs with less harmful prescription medication to prevent withdrawal symptoms |
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Polypharmacy |
The practice of prescribing to many medications simultaneously |
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
Invasive treatment that involved electrically induced seizures; used for severe depression to increase release of neurotransmitters |
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Psychosurgery |
Brain surgery for psychiatric benefit Ex) lobotomy |
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Supported self-managment (SSM) |
Low intensity intervention that involves a program to teach individuals skills for coping more effectively with mental health problems -Builds upon individuals own coping strengths and enhances their sense of personal competence Ex) AA |
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) |
-Goal-oriented therapy -Treats major depression, substance dependence, panic disorder and bulimia nervosa -Individuals are taught to recognize maladaptive behaviours and given skills to change |
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Dialetical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) |
-Treatment of borderline personality disorder |
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Brief dynamic therapy |
Shorter duration that traditional psychoanalysis |
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Play Therapy |
Children express their thoughts and feelings through play |
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Family Therapy |
Involvement of families and support network an treatment as beneficial |
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Motivational Interviewing |
Focuses on helping clients to consider their current situation and envision the changes they would like to put in place |
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Mindfullness |
Set of skills designed to increase one's capacity to be clearly aware of one's immediate situation, ongoing thoughts and bodily sensations without feeling the need to 'fix them' -Form a sense of awareness |
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Characterstics of a goal |
1) Specific: states exactly what you are going to do 2) Realistic: within your capabilities and likely to be carried out 3) Scheduled: you write it down when and how often you are planning to do it |
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Canada Health Act |
Federal legislation that stipulates key characteristics of the health care insurance provided by Canada's provinces and territories -Universality, accessibility, portability, comprehensives and public administration |
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Stepped-care approach |
Where the system generally aims to provide low-intensitve treatment for most people and will step up the intensity of treatments if needed |
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From the bottom up; steps of the stepped-care approach |
1) Public and community response 2) Primary responses system 3) Low threshold response system 4) Specialized additions and mental health services 5) Highly specialized services |
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Iatrogenic |
Negative outcomes as a result of medical or health care intervention |
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Primary Health care |
Services provided by family physicians and other general health care professionals; initial diagnosis and treatments alone with first contact |
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Secondary health care |
Services provided by specialists who generally do not have first contact with patients |
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Tertiary health care |
Specialized long-term treatment services |
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Forensic mental health services |
Provide assessment and treatment for people charged with criminal behaviour who are experiencing mental illness |
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Fitness to stand trial |
An examination to determine whether an individual understand the nature of the trial and possible consequences |
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Mental Health Commission of Canada |
10 year mission started in 2008 -be a catalyst for reform of mental health policies -provide evidence-based info on MH -be a source of info for gov't, stakeholders, etc -educate all canadians on MH -diminish the stigma of MH |
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Clincal Services providers |
Professional from a variety of health care professions such as medicine, nursing and social work who provide clinical services |
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Peer support workers |
People with lived experience of mental illness who provide clinical support to others |
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Family Physicians |
Deliver primary mental health care by undertaking assessment, initiating treatment and making referrals |
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Clincal Psychologists |
Administer psychological testing to assess a patients cognitive problems
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Recovery Model |
A paradigm of care and service delivery that focuses on helping the clients through a process of growth and transformation by supporting their individual potential for recovery; HOPE |
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Client-centred care |
Aims to ensure that the client is at the centre of all efforts by respecting the person's autonomy, self-determination and participation in decision making |
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Therapeutic relationships |
The important relationship between a health profession and client aimed to improve client care and outcome |
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What can hinder the therapeutic relationships and what are the stages? |
Unrealistic expectations of the client and time restraints by the professional 1) Orientation 2) Working or Grappling & Struggling 3) Resolution or Mutual Withdrawal |
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Compassion Fatigue |
The loss of empathy and the development of a pervasive negative attitude and hopelessness that sometimes develops among health professionals when overwhelmed by the treating of mental illness patients |
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Four Characteristic of leadership in health care organizations |
1) Challenging: provide new ideas and challenge old ways of thinking 2) Engaging: helping other commit to the desired direction 3) Inspiring: setting high standards;communicating a vision 4) Influencing: increasing optimism and instilling pride |
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Public health |
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, communities and individuals Previous: sanitation; Present-day: vaccines
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Population health |
The health of the population as measured by health status indicators and as influences by social determinants of health |
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Public/Population Health Paradigm Principles |
1) An emphasis on illness prevention; upstream 2) An emphasis on health promotion; strengthen a population to resist health problems 3) A perspective focused on the population rather than the individual |
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WHO recommendations for policy regarding the organization of mental health services |
1) Deinstitutionalize mental health care 2) Integrate mental health into general health care 3) Develop community mental health services |
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Supply reduction |
Efforts aiming to decrease the availability of drugs through means such as the arrest and prosecution of drug suppliers |
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Demand Reduction |
Efforts aimed to reduce the desire and preparedness to obtain and use drugs by potential customers, including education, prevention, treatment programs etc.
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Harm reduction |
An approach aimed at receding the harmful consequences of drug use and other high-risk activities |
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Resistance |
The ability of an individual or social organization to withstand very stressful events of ongoing stressful situations |
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Resilience |
The ability of these individuals and organizations to rebound from dry stressful events |
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Mental capital |
A person's cognitive and emotional resources |
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Universal prevention |
Prevention strategies that target the entire population |
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Selective prevention |
Prevention strategies that target a subgroup of the population whose risk of developing a mental disorder is significantly higher than average |
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Indicated prevention |
Prevention strategies targeted at high-risk individuals who are identifies as having minimal but detectable signs or symptoms |
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Four pillars of research |
1)Basic science/biomedical: produce findings about fundamental mechanisms 2) Clinical: make advancement in treatment programs 3) Health services and policy: examination of costs and outcomes of services 4) Population health: social and cultural impacts on the health of the population |
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Knowledge exchange |
The push and pull found in the multiple directional movement of data information and knowledge amend individual and group for mutual benefit |
